scholarly journals Transcriptional Profiles of Hybrid Eucalyptus Genotypes with Contrasting Lignin Content Reveal That Monolignol Biosynthesis-related Genes Regulate Wood Composition

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomotaka Shinya ◽  
Eiji Iwata ◽  
Katsuhiko Nakahama ◽  
Yujiroh Fukuda ◽  
Kazunori Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Transcriptional Profiles ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Hybrid Eucalyptus ◽  
Wood Composition

scholarly journals Characterization and functional analysis of the Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) gene family in poplar

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10741
Author(s):  
Nan Chao ◽  
Qi Qi ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Brent Ruan ◽  
Xiangning Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Populus Tomentosa ◽  
Motif Analysis ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Populus Tomentosa Carr

Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) divides the mass flux to H, G and S units in monolignol biosynthesis and affects lignin content. Ten HCT homologs were identified in the Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray) genome. Both genome duplication and tandem duplication resulted in the expansion of HCT orthologs in Populus. Comprehensive analysis including motif analysis, phylogenetic analysis, expression profiles and co-expression analysis revealed the divergence and putative function of these candidate PoptrHCTs. PoptrHCT1 and 2 were identified as likely involved in lignin biosynthesis. PoptrHCT9 and 10- are likely to be involved in plant development and the response to cold stress. Similar functional divergence was also identified in Populus tomentosa Carr. Enzymatic assay of PtoHCT1 showed that PtoHCT1 was able to synthesize caffeoyl shikimate using caffeoyl-CoA and shikimic acid as substrates.

scholarly journals Enzyme Complexes of Ptr4CL and PtrHCT Modulate Co-enzyme A Ligation of Hydroxycinnamic Acids for Monolignol Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Yuan Lin ◽  
Yi Sun ◽  
Jina Song ◽  
Hsi-Chuan Chen ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Diverse Plant Species

Co-enzyme A (CoA) ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids by 4-coumaric acid:CoA ligase (4CL) is a critical step in the biosynthesis of monolignols. Perturbation of 4CL activity significantly impacts the lignin content of diverse plant species. In Populus trichocarpa, two well-studied xylem-specific Ptr4CLs (Ptr4CL3 and Ptr4CL5) catalyze the CoA ligation of 4-coumaric acid to 4-coumaroyl-CoA and caffeic acid to caffeoyl-CoA. Subsequently, two 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimic acid hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (PtrHCT1 and PtrHCT6) mediate the conversion of 4-coumaroyl-CoA to caffeoyl-CoA. Here, we show that the CoA ligation of 4-coumaric and caffeic acids is modulated by Ptr4CL/PtrHCT protein complexes. Downregulation of PtrHCTs reduced Ptr4CL activities in the stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) of transgenic P. trichocarpa. The Ptr4CL/PtrHCT interactions were then validated in vivo using biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and protein pull-down assays in P. trichocarpa SDX extracts. Enzyme activity assays using recombinant proteins of Ptr4CL and PtrHCT showed elevated CoA ligation activity for Ptr4CL when supplemented with PtrHCT. Numerical analyses based on an evolutionary computation of the CoA ligation activity estimated the stoichiometry of the protein complex to consist of one Ptr4CL and two PtrHCTs, which was experimentally confirmed by chemical cross-linking using SDX plant protein extracts and recombinant proteins. Based on these results, we propose that Ptr4CL/PtrHCT complexes modulate the metabolic flux of CoA ligation for monolignol biosynthesis during wood formation in P. trichocarpa.

scholarly journals Differences in Fusarium Species in brown midrib Sorghum and in Air Populations in Production Fields

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 1353-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna L. Funnell-Harris ◽  
Erin D. Scully ◽  
Scott E. Sattler ◽  
Roy C. French ◽  
Patrick M. O’Neill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Brown Midrib ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Likelihood Analysis ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Altered Cell ◽  
Different Levels

Several Fusarium spp. cause sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain mold, resulting in deterioration and mycotoxin production in the field and during storage. Fungal isolates from the air (2005 to 2006) and from leaves and grain from wild-type and brown midrib (bmr)-6 and bmr12 plants (2002 to 2003) were collected from two locations. Compared with the wild type, bmr plants have reduced lignin content, altered cell wall composition, and different levels of phenolic intermediates. Multilocus maximum-likelihood analysis identified two Fusarium thapsinum operational taxonomic units (OTU). One was identified at greater frequency in grain and leaves of bmr and wild-type plants but was infrequently detected in air. Nine F. graminearum OTU were identified: one was detected at low levels in grain and leaves while the rest were only detected in air. Wright’s F statistic (FST) indicated that Fusarium air populations differentiated between locations during crop anthesis but did not differ during vegetative growth, grain development, and maturity. FST also indicated that Fusarium populations from wild-type grain were differentiated from those in bmr6 or bmr12 grain at one location but, at the second location, populations from wild-type and bmr6 grain were more similar. Thus, impairing monolignol biosynthesis substantially effected Fusarium populations but environment had a strong influence.

scholarly journals Low Lignin Mutants and Reduction of Lignin Content in Grasses for Increased Utilisation of Lignocellulose

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilie S. L. Christensen ◽  
Søren K. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression ◽  
Mutant Lines ◽  
The Impact

Biomass rich in lignocellulose from grasses is a major source for biofuel production and animal feed. However, the presence of lignin in cell walls limits its efficient utilisation such as in its bioconversion to biofuel. Reduction of the lignin content or alteration of its structure in crop plants have been pursued, either by regulating genes encoding enzymes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway using biotechnological techniques or by breeding naturally-occurring low lignin mutant lines. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of these studies, focusing on lignin (monolignol) biosynthesis and composition in grasses and, where possible, the impact on recalcitrance to bioconversion. An overview of transgenic crops of the grass family with regulated gene expression in lignin biosynthesis is presented, including the effect on lignin content and changes in the ratio of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units. Furthermore, a survey is provided of low-lignin mutants in grasses, including cereals in particular, summarising their origin and phenotypic traits together with genetics and the molecular function of the various genes identified.

scholarly journals Genetic, transcriptional, and regulatory landscape of monolignol biosynthesis pathway in Miscanthus × giganteus

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Zeng ◽  
Jiajing Sheng ◽  
Fenglin Zhu ◽  
Tianzi Wei ◽  
Lingling Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽  
Essential Knowledge ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Regulatory Landscape

Abstract Background Miscanthus × giganteus is widely recognized as a promising lignocellulosic biomass crop due to its advantages of high biomass production, low environmental impacts, and the potential to be cultivated on marginal land. However, the high costs of bioethanol production still limit the current commercialization of lignocellulosic bioethanol. The lignin in the cell wall and its by-products released in the pretreatment step is the main component inhibiting the enzymatic reactions in the saccharification and fermentation processes. Hence, genetic modification of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis could be a feasible strategy to overcome this barrier by manipulating the lignin content and composition of M. × giganteus. For this purpose, the essential knowledge of these genes and understanding the underlying regulatory mechanisms in M. × giganteus is required. Results In this study, MgPAL1, MgPAL5, Mg4CL1, Mg4CL3, MgHCT1, MgHCT2, MgC3′H1, MgCCoAOMT1, MgCCoAOMT3, MgCCR1, MgCCR2, MgF5H, MgCOMT, and MgCAD were identified as the major monolignol biosynthetic genes in M. × giganteus based on genetic and transcriptional evidence. Among them, 12 genes were cloned and sequenced. By combining transcription factor binding site prediction and expression correlation analysis, MYB46, MYB61, MYB63, WRKY24, WRKY35, WRKY12, ERF021, ERF058, and ERF017 were inferred to regulate the expression of these genes directly. On the basis of these results, an integrated model was summarized to depict the monolignol biosynthesis pathway and the underlying regulatory mechanism in M. × giganteus. Conclusions This study provides a list of potential gene targets for genetic improvement of lignocellulosic biomass quality of M. × giganteus, and reveals the genetic, transcriptional, and regulatory landscape of the monolignol biosynthesis pathway in M. × giganteus.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

Does the kappa number method accurately reflect lignin content in nonwood pulps?

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 611-617
Author(s):  
Sabrina Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Klason Lignin ◽  
Organic Functional Groups ◽  
Pulp Properties ◽  
Wood Pulps ◽  
Hexenuronic Acid

The traditional kappa number method was developed in 1960 as a way to more quickly determine the level of lignin remaining in a completed or in-progress pulp. A significantly faster approach than the Klason lignin procedure, the kappa number method is based on the reaction of a strong oxidizing agent (KMnO4) with lignin and small amounts of other organic functional groups present in the pulp, such as hexenuronic acid. While the usefulness of the kappa number for providing information about bleaching requirements and pulp properties has arguably transformed the pulp and paper industry, it has been mostly developed for kraft, sulfite, and soda wood pulps. Nonwood species have a different chemical makeup than hardwood or softwood sources. These chemical differ-ences can influence kappa and Klason measurements on the pulp and lead to wide ranges of error. Both original data from Sustainable Fiber Technologies’ sulfur and chlorine-free pulping process and kappa and Klason data from various nonwood pulp literature sources will be presented to challenge the assumption that the kappa number accurately represents lignin content in nonwood pulps.

Analysis of Sound Reduction and Strong Drag Composite Concrete Fibers Gedebok Banana Results Delignification with Sodium Hydroxide Solvent (Naoh)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rouf Suprayogi ◽  
Annisa Mufida ◽  
Edwin Azwar
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Sound Reduction

In composite science, desirable materials that are lighter but have the power and quality that can match or even exceed the material that has been there before. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cellulose fiber addition from banana gedebok to tensile strength, compressive strength and damping of concrete composite sound. To achieve this objective, mixing of cellulose fibers with K-275 quality concrete mix with variation of 0% and 5% substitution in which the cellulose is varied in powder and wicker form. Delignification of lignin content from banana gedebok was done by soaking and drying method without any variation and yielding powder having cellulose content of 13,0388%, hemicellulose 18,2796% and lignin 0,6684%. This study produces concrete composites that have a tensile strength and a compressive strength lower than that of normal concrete. Normally reinforced concrete tensile strength value 94.5 kg / cm2, 71.4 kg / cm2 cellulose powder concrete and 90.3 kg / cm2 cellulose woven concrete. Normal concrete compressive strength value 334,22 kg / cm2, cellulose powder concrete 215,7 kg / cm2, and cellulose webbing concrete 157,98 kg / cm2. As for the power damping sound of cellulose webbing concrete has the highest damping power compared to other concrete with the absorbed sound intensity that is 52-68 dB

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