scholarly journals Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System on Intestine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyi Duan ◽  
Xueqin Cai ◽  
Yingying Luan ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Juan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Intestinal Diseases ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
And Function ◽  
Autonomic Nerve System

Intestine is composed of various types of cells including absorptive epithelial cells, goblet cells, endocrine cells, Paneth cells, immunological cells, and so on, which play digestion, absorption, neuroendocrine, immunological function. Intestine is innervated with extrinsic autonomic nerves and intrinsic enteric nerves. The neurotransmitters and counterpart receptors are widely distributed in the different intestinal cells. Intestinal autonomic nerve system includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which regulate cellular proliferation and function in intestine under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Presently, distribution and functional characteristics of autonomic nervous system in intestine were reviewed. How autonomic nervous system regulates intestinal cell proliferation was discussed. Function of autonomic nervous system on intestinal diseases was extensively reviewed. It might be helpful to properly manipulate autonomic nervous system during treating different intestinal diseases.

Aging, disease and the autonomic nervous system

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J Collins
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Nerve Structure ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
And Function

Autonomic disorders in old age can be attributed to several main features associated with aging: the intrinsic neurobiological changes that occur with age, degenerative changes in effector organs innervated by autonomic nerves, and secondary involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in disease processes. As in most areas of clinical geriatrics, the distinction between disorders ascribed to ‘normal’ aging and those attributable to diseases of old age is difficult to make with any degree of certainty. Neurobiological changes with age have become the subject of intense investigation in recent years, with improvements in techniques for assessing autonomic nerve structure and function. This has included a better understanding of neurotransmitter and receptor transformations during development and aging. The versatility of the ANS, or ‘plasticity’, involves interactions with target organs, e.g. via nerve growth factor (NGF) and with other neurons, and it is as vital to the mature and aging autonomic neuron as it is during development. Some neurotrophic features of aging in the ANS and in disease processes in old age are considered in this paper.

BACK TO BASICS

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 489-492
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
And Function

The last 20 years have seen an explosion in our knowledge of the autonomic nervous system and our ability to manipulate its parasympathetic and sympathetic portions pharmacologically to achieve therapeutic goals. This article will briefly review the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system, with particular focus on the sympathetic branch. Included in the review is a discussion of the major receptors of the sympathetic system, concentrating on their intracellular mechanism of action, their effects on major target organ systems, and some commonly used pharmacologic agents that influence these organ systems through their actions on sympathetic receptors. Structure and Function of the System The autonomic (or involuntary) nervous system innervates the heart, visceral organs, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. It can be divided functionally into the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, which have opposing functions. All autonomic nerve pathways consist of two nerves in sequence. Presynaptic nerves begin in the central nervous system and transmit impulses to the postsynaptic nerves. Postsynaptic nerves then carry impulses to the effector organ. Actions of the parasympathetic nervous system include bradycardia, vasodilation in skeletal muscle and skin, contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, increased gastrointestinal motility, pupillary miosis, and contraction of the bladder detrusor coupled with relaxation of the bladder trigone (necessary for spontaneous voiding).

Vital Force and homœopathy

1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
C.F. Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Vital Force ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Autonomic Functioning ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Sensory Consciousness ◽  
Ph Level

Summary1. A connection is found between Hahnemann's conception of Vital Force and that of Cannon's “homœostasis”, which is maintained by the autonomic nervous system.2. Vital Force is traced to source in the embryo as it builds its body. It is seen laying down the “dynamic determination” on the multiplying tissue cells, and operating from the central mesodermal column, the notochord, to induct the Individuation Field of the elongating gastrula and differentiating neurula.3. A vital link between the notochord and the diencephalic centres isemphasized.4. The period of functional development sees the embryonic strugglebetween the autonomic system and the gene award. Such conflict is causative of defective autonomic balance, and the results have been noted by Hahnemann as the miasma, the psora, the sycoses.5. The thalamus, as the seat of sensory consciousness receiving both visceral and somatic sensory impulses transmits the sensory tone of the underlying autonomic fluster to the cerebral cortex for cognition. Such cognition is reported as symptoms, “I. …, My …”, thus giving the homœopathic picture of the “abnormally disturbed Vital Force”.6. The factors required in the blood's biochemical changes to maintain constant its pH level are given. The varying balance of the NaHCO3/H2CO3 content and Ca/K ratio may be related to Schuessler's “tissue remedies”.7. Such acid-base equilibrium is dependent on the autonomic functioning, which if impaired in the embryonic conflict is causative of allergy.8. Investigation of allergic factors produces an interesting formula ofhomœopathic significance, that shows the selected homœopathic remedy to be the catalyst key which declutches the autonomic imbalance.9. The varying bioelectric potential across the autonomic nerve gangliabetween diencephalic centres and fluid matrix brings about their functional activity and depression.10. A plea is made for a biochemical test of autonomic functioning.The autonomic nervous system is the meeting-ground of the homœopathicand allopathic divisions of medicine.If the disease process is acute or prolonged without permitting adequate intervals of functional rest to enable regrowth of its essential chromatin store, neurone degeneration follows. Such changes are not related to any specific bacterial action, but result from continuous functioning to exhaustion.The initial build-up of the autonomic path in reaction-response to externalstimuli is the essential basis of the individual's “modalities”.

scholarly journals Targeting the autonomic nervous system during AF ablation: should we fight or take flight?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolga Aksu ◽  
Dhiraj Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potential Duration ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
High Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Demonstration that the myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins (PVs) are the main triggering and maintaining foci for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) have stimulated studies investigating electrophysiological properties of PVs and the adjacent left atrial (LA) myocardium. It has been shown that PV myocytes have a shorter action potential duration and are more prone to effects of local autonomic nerve stimulation in terms of shortening of action potential duration, early after depolarization formation and triggered firing compared to left atrial myocytes (1). The intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system (ICANS) forms clusters of neurons called ganglionic plexi (GPs), and studies using histologic examination of heart sections have shown that these GPs are localized preferentially at certain epicardial sites adjacent to the left and right atria (2). The precise role of ICANS in AF continues to be an area of intense research (3), and matters are not helped by the uncertainty regarding the best way to identify and target ICANS peri-procedurally. As there can be significant variability of GP sites in individual patients, endocardial high-frequency stimulation (HFS) has been used to aid their localization in the electrophysiology laboratory (4).

scholarly journals Estudo da Função Autonômica em Gestantes

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Wagner Santos Araújo ◽  
Jefferson Petto ◽  
Alan Carlos Nery Dos Santos ◽  
Francisco Tiago Oliveira De Oliveira ◽  
Cauê Santos Da Mata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Pregnancy is characterized by physiological changes related to the formation of an ideal environment for the fetus. This period is not unusual occur deviations from normality, as well as imbalance between the various body systems, especially the autonomic nervous system, which can result in pathological conditions. Objective: To evaluate the cardiovascular autonomic function and in accordance with gestational age pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter, by studying the Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Method: Were evaluated 20 pregnant women enrolled in a Basic Health Unit. The protocol was divided into two phases with 10 minutes duration in the left lateral decubitus (LLD) and 10 minutes in the sitting position (SEDT). Evaluated: heart rate (HR), Parasympathetic Function (HF) and Function Friendly and influence Parasympathetic (LF), Balance sympathetic / parasympathetic (LF / HF), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) and Respiratory Rate (FR). The DLE phases, SEDT and the transition between them were compared in each trimester. The transitional period and both times were also compared separately according to gestational age. The moments 0min (A), 10min (B) and 20 min (C); were also faced, and finally comparing the quarters 1 (D) 2 (E) and 3 (F). Statistical analysis was applied to Friedman's analysis of variance. Results: Compared to the steps (0min- x10min- DLE DLE / SEDT x20min- SEDT) in the 1st quarter, there was no significance for HR, SBP, DBP and FR. In the 2nd quarter, when analyzed times (0min- x10min- DLE DLE / SEDT x20min- SEDT) with each other, not reach significance the variables HR, SBP, DBP, RF and LF / HF ratio. By analyzing the times (0min- x10min- DLE DLE / SEDT x20min- SEDT) of the 3rd quarter, it was for HR, SBP, DBP, RF and LF / HF values without significance. Conclusion: This study indicates the existence of significant changes in the autonomic nervous system and cardiorespiratory.

Effect of autonomic nerves on Dickkopf-3 expression in the uterus during early pregnancy of rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 241-255
Author(s):  
Shujie Ning ◽  
Yalin Wang ◽  
Xuejun Yuan ◽  
Shuying Wang ◽  
Libo Huang
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Affect Expression ◽  
Polymerase Chain

To explore how uterine innervations affect expression of Dickkopf-3 (DKK-3) during peri-implantation, we first examined the consequence of uterine neurectomy on embryo implantation events. We observed that amputation of autonomic nerves innervating the uterus led to the failure of on-time implantation in rats. We then analyzed the effect of neurectomy on expression of DKK-3 further using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We observed that disconnection of autonomic nerve innervation significantly increased DKK-3 expression in the endometrium before and during invasion of the blastocyst. We also observed high levels of DKK-3 immunoreactivity in the vasculature of the uterus during peri-implantation. Thus, we speculate that DKK-3 may relate to implantation. Besides, our findings provide a new line of evidence that DKK-3 may be regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

scholarly journals Principle Study of Head Meridian Acupoint Massage to Stress Release via Grey Data Model Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ting Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Action Principle ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The Status

This paper presents the scientific study of the effectiveness and action principle of head meridian acupoint massage by applying the grey data model analysis approach. First, the head massage procedure for massaging the important head meridian acupuncture points including Taiyang, Fengfu, Tianzhu, Fengqi, and Jianjing is formulated in a standard manner. Second, the status of the autonomic nervous system of each subject is evaluated by using the heart rate variability analyzer before and after the head massage following four weeks. Afterward, the physiological factors of autonomic nerves are quantitatively analyzed by using the grey data modeling theory. The grey data analysis can point out that the status of autonomic nervous system is greatly improved after the massage. The order change of the grey relationship weighting of physiological factors shows the action principle of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves when performing head massage. In other words, the grey data model is able to distinguish the detailed interaction of the autonomic nervous system and the head meridian acupoint massage. Thus, the stress relaxing effect of massaging head meridian acupoints is proved, which is lacked in literature. The results can be a reference principle for massage health care in practice.

A demonstration of sympathetic cotransmission

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Rat Tail Artery ◽  
Tail Artery ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Rat Tail

Currently, most undergraduate textbooks that cover the autonomic nervous system retain the concept that autonomic nerves release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine. However, in recent years, a large volume of research has superseded this concept with one in which autonomic nerves normally release at least one cotransmitter along with a dominant transmitter that may or may not be acetylcholine or norepinephrine. Cotransmission involving the simultaneous release of norepinephrine, ATP, and neuropeptide Y can easily be demonstrated in an isometric ring preparation of the rat tail artery, which is described here. The experiment clearly demonstrates the principle of cotransmission but allows more advanced concepts in autonomic cotransmission to be addressed.

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