scholarly journals Acetylation Modification During Autophagy and Vascular Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxing Sun ◽  
Shi Tai ◽  
Liang Tang ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Mingxian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Vascular Aging ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Fundamental Mechanism

Vascular aging plays a pivotal role in the morbidity and mortality of elderly people. Decrease in autophagy leads to acceleration of vascular aging, while increase in autophagy leads to deceleration of vascular aging. And emerging evidence indicates that acetylation plays an important role in autophagy regulation; therefore, recent research has focused on an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying this regulation. In this review, current knowledge on the role of acetylation of autophagy-related proteins and the mechanisms by which acetylation including non-autophagy-related acetylation and autophagy related acetylation regulate vascular aging have been discussed. We conclude that the occurrence of acetylation modification during autophagy is a fundamental mechanism underlying autophagy regulation and provides promising targets to retard vascular aging.

scholarly journals HYPOXIA AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: The presence and role of hypoxia in the endometrium

Reproduction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. F1-F17
Author(s):  
Rocío Martínez-Aguilar ◽  
Lucy E Kershaw ◽  
Jane J Reavey ◽  
Hilary O D Critchley ◽  
Jacqueline A Maybin
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hypoxic Episode ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Review Current

The endometrium is a multicellular tissue that is exquisitely responsive to the ovarian hormones. The local mechanisms of endometrial regulation to ensure optimal function are less well characterised. Transient physiological hypoxia has been proposed as a critical regulator of endometrial function. Herein, we review the literature on hypoxia in the non-pregnant endometrium. We discuss the pros and cons of animal models, human laboratory studies and novel in vivo imaging for the study of endometrial hypoxia. These research tools provide mounting evidence of a transient hypoxic episode in the menstrual endometrium and suggest that endometrial hypoxia may be present at the time of implantation. This local hypoxia may modify the inflammatory environment, influence vascular remodelling and modulate endometrial proliferation to optimise endometrial function. Finally, we review current knowledge of the impact of this hypoxia on endometrial pathologies, with a focus on abnormal uterine bleeding. Throughout the manuscript areas for future research are highlighted with the aim of concentrating research efforts to maximise future benefits for women and society.

scholarly journals Autophagy-Related Protein ATG18 Regulates Apicoplast Biogenesis in Apicomplexan Parasites

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Bansal ◽  
Anuj Tripathi ◽  
Vandana Thakur ◽  
Asif Mohmmed ◽  
Pushkar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Membrane Association ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Delayed Death ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Catabolic Process

ABSTRACT Mechanisms by which 3′-phosphorylated phosphoinositides (3′-PIPs) regulate the development of apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii are poorly understood. The catabolic process of autophagy, which is dependent on autophagy-related proteins (ATGs), is one of the major targets of 3′-PIPs in yeast and mammals. In the present study, we identified autophagy-related protein ATG18 as an effector of 3′-PIPs in these parasites. P. falciparum ATG18 (PfATG18) and T. gondii ATG18 (TgATG18) interact with 3′-PIPs but exhibited differences in their specificity of interaction with the ligand PIP. The conditional knockdown of T. gondii or P. falciparum ATG18 (Tg/PfATG18) impaired replication of parasites and resulted in their delayed death. Intriguingly, ATG18 depletion resulted in the loss of the apicomplexan parasite-specific nonphotosynthetic plastid-like organelle apicoplast, which harbors the machinery for biosynthesis of key metabolites, and the interaction of ATG18 to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) was critical for apicoplast inheritance. Furthermore, ATG18 regulates membrane association and apicoplast localization of ATG8. These findings provide insights into a novel noncanonical role of ATG18 in apicoplast inheritance. This function of ATG18 in organelle biogenesis is unprecedented in any organism and may be conserved across most apicomplexan parasites. IMPORTANCE Typically, autophagy is a catabolic process utilized by cells for their survival upon encountering nutrient-limiting conditions. The autophagy machinery is very tightly regulated, and autophagy-related genes (ATGs) play a pivotal role in this process. In the present study, we report a novel noncanonical function of autophagy-related protein ATG18 in inheritance of the nonphotosynthetic plastid-like organelle apicoplast in apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. ATG18 depletion in these parasites resulted in “delayed death,” which was the result of loss of apicoplast and impaired parasite division. Pf/TgATG18 interact with 3′-phosphorylated PIPs, which guide their cellular localization in the parasite, which is essential for their function. IMPORTANCE Typically, autophagy is a catabolic process utilized by cells for their survival upon encountering nutrient-limiting conditions. The autophagy machinery is very tightly regulated, and autophagy-related genes (ATGs) play a pivotal role in this process. In the present study, we report a novel noncanonical function of autophagy-related protein ATG18 in inheritance of the nonphotosynthetic plastid-like organelle apicoplast in apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. ATG18 depletion in these parasites resulted in “delayed death,” which was the result of loss of apicoplast and impaired parasite division. Pf/TgATG18 interact with 3′-phosphorylated PIPs, which guide their cellular localization in the parasite, which is essential for their function.

scholarly journals Considerações sobre hormônios e sexo / Considerations on hormones and sex

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1u) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sônia Maria Rolim Rosa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Function ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Selection Of

Os esteroides sexuais, em particular os estrogênios e os androgênios, representam papel fundamental, na modulação da função sexual feminina. As mulheres após a menopausa, devido ao declínio da função ovariana, são dependentes da síntese local de estrogênios nos tecidos alvo extragonadais. Mantendo-se o quadro carêncial ocorre progressivo estreitamento da vagina, e o sintoma genital mais comum é a secura por diminuição da transudação e da quantidade de muco cervical. Esses fenômenos explicam os processos encontrados no período do climatério ou qualquer período em que ocorra a carência estrogênica, característicos da falência hormonal: vaginite atrófica, leucorréia, prurido, dor e sangramento ao coito. Com relação aos androgênios, vários estudos investigaram associações entre androgênios e função sexual em mulheres. Muitos, mas não todos, identificam uma relação entre o desejo sexual e as concentrações séricas de androgênios circulantes. A variabilidade nos resultados provavelmente reflete as limitações em aferir com precisão suas baixas concentrações, o impacto potencial de outros esteroides, as diferenças no desenho do estudo, na seleção das participantes e nos parâmetros de função sexual. Neste artigo, revisamos o conhecimento atual sobre o papel dos estrogênios e androgênios e seu uso clínico em mulheres com declínio da função ovariana.Palavras chave: Hormônios sexuais, Esteroides, Androgênios, Pós-Menopausa, Disfunções sexuais fisiológicasABSTRACTSex steroids, in particular estrogens and androgens, play a fundamental role in the modulation of female sexual function. Postmenopausal women, due to the decline in ovarian function, are dependent on the local synthesis of estrogens in extragonadal target tissues. If the deficiency is maintained, progressive narrowing of the vagina occurs, and the most common genital symptom is dryness due to decreased transudation and the amount of cervical mucus. These phenomena explain the processes found during the climacteric period or any period in which estrogen deficiency occurs, which are characteristic of hormonal failure: atrophic vaginitis, leukorrhea, itching, pain and bleeding on intercourse. With regard to androgens, several studies have investigated associations between androgens and sexual function in women. Many, but not all, identify a relationship between sexual desire and serum concentrations of circulating androgens. The variability in the results probably reflects the limitations in accurately measuring the low concentrations of androgens in women, the potential impact of other steroids, the differences in the study design, in the selection of participants and in the parameters of sexual function. In this article, we review current knowledge about the role of estrogens and androgens and their clinical use in women with declining ovarian function.Keywords: Sex hormones, Steroids, Androgens, Postmenopause, Physiological sexual dysfunctions

The role of P-type IIA and P-type IIB Ca2+-ATPases in plant development and growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián García Bossi ◽  
Krishna Kumar ◽  
María Laura Barberini ◽  
Gabriela Díaz Domínguez ◽  
Yossmayer Del Carmen Rondón Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Membrane Type ◽  
P Type ◽  
Review Current

Abstract As sessile organisms, plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt to variable and rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions. Calcium (Ca2+) in plant cells is a versatile intracellular second messenger that is essential for stimulating short- and long-term responses to environmental stresses through changes in its concentration in the cytosol ([Ca2+]cyt). Increases in [Ca2+]cyt direct the strength and length of these stimuli. In order to terminate them, the cells must then remove the cytosolic Ca2+ against a concentration gradient, either taking it away from the cell or storing it in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or vacuoles. Here, we review current knowledge about the biological roles of plant P-type Ca2+-ATPases as potential actors in the regulation of this cytosolic Ca2+ efflux, with a focus the IIA ER-type Ca2+-ATPases (ECAs) and the IIB autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACAs). While ECAs are analogous proteins to animal sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs), ACAs are equivalent to animal plasma membrane-type ATPases (PMCAs). We examine their expression patterns in cells exhibiting polar growth and consider their appearance during the evolution of the plant lineage. Full details of the functions and coordination of ECAs and ACAs during plant growth and development have not yet been elucidated. Our current understanding of the regulation of fluctuations in Ca2+ gradients in the cytoplasm and organelles during growth is in its infancy, but recent technological advances in Ca2+ imaging are expected to shed light on this subject.

Septin roles in tumorigenesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 392 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 725-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Connolly ◽  
Ines Abdesselam ◽  
Pascal Verdier-Pinard ◽  
Cristina Montagna
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chimeric Proteins ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Related Proteins

Abstract Septins are a family of cytoskeleton related proteins consisting of 14 members that associate and interact with actin and tubulin. From yeast to humans, septins maintain a conserved role in cytokinesis and they are also involved in a variety of other cellular functions including chromosome segregation, DNA repair, migration and apoptosis. Tumorigenesis entails major alterations in these processes. A substantial body of literature reveals that septins are overexpressed, downregulated or generate chimeric proteins with MLL in a plethora of solid tumors and in hematological malignancies. Thus, members of this gene family are emerging as key players in tumorigenesis. The analysis of septins during cancer initiation and progression is challenged by the presence of many family members and by their potential to produce numerous isoforms. However, the development and application of advanced technologies is allowing for a more detailed analysis of septins during tumorigenesis. Specifically, such applications have led to the establishment and validation of SEPT9 as a biomarker for the early detection of colorectal cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of septins in tumorigenesis, emphasizing their significance and supporting their use as potential biomarkers in various cancer types.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of the Innate Control of Toll-Like Receptors in Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2132
Author(s):  
Hi Eun Jung ◽  
Heung Kyu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Potential Effectiveness ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Entire World

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, threatens the entire world. It has affected every aspect of life and increased the burden on both healthcare and socioeconomic systems. Current studies have revealed that excessive inflammatory immune responses are responsible for the severity of COVID-19, which suggests that anti-inflammatory drugs may be promising therapeutic treatments. However, there are currently a limited number of approved therapeutics for COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial components derived from invading pathogens, are involved in both the initiation of innate responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the hyperinflammatory phenotype of COVID-19. In this review, we provide current knowledge on the pivotal role of TLRs in immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrate the potential effectiveness of TLR-targeting drugs on the control of hyperinflammation in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Adipoclast: a multinucleated fat-eating macrophage

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Olona ◽  
Subhankar Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Charlotte Hateley ◽  
Fernando O. Martinez ◽  
Siamon Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Multinucleated Giant Cells ◽  
Review Current

AbstractCell membrane fusion and multinucleation in macrophages are associated with physiologic homeostasis as well as disease. Osteoclasts are multinucleated macrophages that resorb bone through increased metabolic activity resulting from cell fusion. Fusion of macrophages also generates multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese individuals. For years, our knowledge of MGCs in WAT has been limited to their description as part of crown-like structures (CLS) surrounding damaged adipocytes. However, recent evidence indicates that these cells can phagocytose oversized lipid remnants, suggesting that, as in osteoclasts, cell fusion and multinucleation are required for specialized catabolic functions. We thus reason that WAT MGCs can be viewed as functionally analogous to osteoclasts and refer to them in this article as adipoclasts. We first review current knowledge on adipoclasts and their described functions. In view of recent advances in single cell genomics, we describe WAT macrophages from a ‘fusion perspective’ and speculate on the ontogeny of adipoclasts. Specifically, we highlight the role of CD9 and TREM2, two plasma membrane markers of lipid-associated macrophages in WAT, which have been previously described as regulators of fusion and multinucleation in osteoclasts and MGCs. Finally, we consider whether strategies aiming to target WAT macrophages can be more selectively directed against adipoclasts.

scholarly journals The Age of Coumarins in Plant–Microbe Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1405-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A Stringlis ◽  
Ronnie de Jonge ◽  
Corn� M J Pieterse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Review Current

Abstract Coumarins are a family of plant-derived secondary metabolites that are produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In the past decade, coumarins have emerged as iron-mobilizing compounds that are secreted by plant roots and aid in iron uptake from iron-deprived soils. Members of the coumarin family are found in many plant species. Besides their role in iron uptake, coumarins have been extensively studied for their potential to fight infections in both plants and animals. Coumarin activities range from antimicrobial and antiviral to anticoagulant and anticancer. In recent years, studies in the model plant species tobacco and Arabidopsis have significantly increased our understanding of coumarin biosynthesis, accumulation, secretion, chemical modification and their modes of action against plant pathogens. Here, we review current knowledge on coumarins in different plant species. We focus on simple coumarins and provide an overview on their biosynthesis and role in environmental stress responses, with special attention for the recently discovered semiochemical role of coumarins in aboveground and belowground plant–microbe interactions and the assembly of the root microbiome.

Managing and Influencing Consumer Behavior to Become a Worldwide Leader in the Apparel Industry

2015 ◽  
pp. 98-118
Author(s):  
Eric Viardot
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Apparel Industry ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Expansion Strategy ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
History Of

This chapter details the various strategies used by Zara, a leading apparel company, to manage and influence the behavior of its customers. The chapter starts with a brief history of Zara and an overview of the apparel industry. Then it details how Zara delivers realistic and achievable fashion for its customers, and it analyzes the revolutionary concept of “fresh” fashion that Zara has been the first to implement in the fashion business. Next, the chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the pivotal role of the store and the employees in the marketing strategy of Zara for managing and influencing its customers' purchasing behavior. Afterwards, the chapter considers the unique advertising and branding strategy of Zara and the influence of its strong and powerful brand on the fashion consumers. Finally, the chapter reflects on the challenges that Zara is currently facing with its expansion strategy in the Chinese market and on the Internet where consumers may have different expectations and behaviors.

scholarly journals Environment, Genetics and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judes Poirier ◽  
Sandra Kogan ◽  
Serge Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Idiopathic Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinsonian Syndromes ◽  
Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Radical Generation ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Aging Factor

ABSTRACT:Since Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) was first described more than 170 years ago, there have been major advances in the understanding of the etiology of the disease as well as in its treatment. This article will review current knowledge concerning the role of the environment, genetic hypotheses and the aging factor in the etiology of IPD and proposes a complex interaction involving all these factors. Hypotheses regarding mitochondrial inhibition and free radical generation in IPD are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of neurotoxins known to produce parkinsonian syndromes.

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