scholarly journals Short- and Medium-Term Exposure to Ocean Acidification Reduces Olfactory Sensitivity in Gilthead Seabream

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zélia Velez ◽  
Christina C. Roggatz ◽  
David M. Benoit ◽  
Jörg D. Hardege ◽  
Peter C. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Gilthead Seabream ◽  
Olfactory Sensitivity ◽  
Medium Term

scholarly journals Independent effects of seawater pH and high PCO2 on olfactory sensitivity in fish: possible role of carbonic anhydrase

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.238485
Author(s):  
Zélia Velez ◽  
Rita A. Costa ◽  
Wenjing Wang ◽  
Peter C. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Olfactory Receptor ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Gilthead Seabream ◽  
Olfactory Sensitivity ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Neurones

Ocean acidification may alter olfactory-driven behaviour in fish by direct effects on the peripheral olfactory system; olfactory sensitivity is reduced in CO2-acidified seawater. The current study tested whether this is due to elevated PCO2 or the consequent reduction in seawater pH and, if the former, investigate the possible involvement of carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme responsible for the hydration of CO2 and production of carbonic acid. Olfactory sensitivity to amino acids was assessed by extracellular multi-unit recording from the olfactory nerve of the gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus L,) in normal seawater (pH ∼8.2), and after acute exposure to acidified seawater (pH ∼7.7, but normal PCO2; ∼340 µatm) and high PCO2 seawater (∼1400 µatm) at normal pH (∼8.2). Reduced pH in the absence of elevated PCO2 caused reduction in olfactory sensitivity to L-serine, L-leucine, L-arginine and L-glutamine, but not L-glutamic acid. Increased PCO2 in the absence of changes in pH caused reduced olfactory sensitivity to L-serine, L-leucine and L-arginine, including increases in their thresholds of detection, but had no effect on sensitivity to L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid. Inclusion of 1 mM acetazolamide (a membrane-permeant inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase) in the seawater reversed the inhibition of olfactory sensitivity to L-serine caused by high PCO2. Ocean acidification may reduce olfactory sensitivity by reduction in seawater pH and intracellular pH (of olfactory receptor neurones); the former by reducing odorant-receptor affinity, and the latter by reducing the efficiency of olfactory transduction. The physiological role of carbonic anhydrase in the olfactory receptor neurones remains to be explored.

Medium Term Outcome of LINAC-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas with Marginal Dose of 12.5 Gy

2012 ◽  
Vol 73 (S 02) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ellenbogen ◽  
A. Kinshuck ◽  
M. Jenkinson ◽  
T. Lesser ◽  
D. Husband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stereotactic Radiosurgery ◽  
Vestibular Schwannomas ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Term Outcome

China und Lateinamerika

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (142) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Enrique Dussel Peters
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
The World ◽  
New Challenges

China's socioeconomic accumulation in the last 30 years has been probably one of the most outstanding global developments and has resulted in massive new challenges for core and periphery countries. The article examines how China's rapid and massive integration to the world market has posed new challenges for countries such as Mexico - and most of Latin America - as a result of China's successful exportoriented industrialization. China's accumulation and global integration process does, however, not only question and challenges the export-possibilities in the periphery, but also the global inability to provide energy in the medium term.

Is money the creation of the state or the market? (On the “modern monetary theory” as described in the textbook by W. Mitchell, L. R. Wray and M. Watts “Macroeconomics”)

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
S. A. Andryushin
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stimulation Of

In 2019, a textbook “Macroeconomics” was published in London, on the pages of which the authors presented a new monetary doctrine — Modern Monetary Theory, MMT, — an unorthodox concept based on the postulates of Post-Keynesianism, New Institutionalism, and the theory of Marxism. The attitude to this scientific concept in the scientific community is ambiguous. A smaller part of scientists actively support this doctrine, which is directly related to state monetary and fiscal stimulation of full employment, public debt servicing and economic growth. Others, the majority of economists, on the contrary, strongly criticize MMT, arguing that the new theory hides simple left-wing populism, designed for a temporary and short-term effect. This article considers the origins and the main provisions of MMT, its discussions with the mainstream, criticism of the basic tenets of MMT, and also assesses possible prospects for the development of MMT in the medium term.

Market of Insurance in Russia: Major Tendencies and Problems of Development

2006 ◽  
pp. 115-127
Author(s):  
T Natkhov
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Statistical Data Analysis ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Insurance Sector ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Basic Characteristics

The article considers recent tendencies in the development of the market of insurance in Russia. On the basis of statistical data analysis the most urgent problems of the insurance sector are formulated. Basic characteristics of different types of insurance are revealed, and measures on perfection of the insurance institution in the medium term are proposed.

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