scholarly journals Effects of Ethanol on Sensory Inputs to the Medial Giant Interneurons of Crayfish

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Swierzbinski ◽  
Jens Herberholz
Keyword(s):  
Giant Interneurons ◽  
Sensory Inputs

Triggers of Thought: Impressions within Hume’s Theory of Mind

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Anik Waldow
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
The World ◽  
Theories Of Meaning ◽  
Conceptual Resources

This essay argues that Humean impressions are triggers of associative processes, which enable us to form stable patterns of thought that co-vary with our experiences of the world. It will thus challenge the importance of the Copy Principle by claiming that it is the regularity with which certain kinds of sensory inputs motivate certain sets of complex ideas that matters for the discrimination of ideas. This reading is conducive to Hume’s account of perception, because it avoids the impoverishment of conceptual resources so typical for empiricist theories of meaning and explains why ideas should be based on impressions, although impressions cannot be known to mirror matters of fact. Dieser Aufsatz argumentiert dafür, dass humesche Eindrücke („impressions“) Auslöser von assoziativen Prozessen sind, welche es uns ermöglichen, stabile Denkmuster zu bilden, die mit unseren Erfahrungen der Welt kovariant sind. Der Aufsatz stellt somit die Wichtigkeit des Kopien-Prinzips in Frage, nämlich dadurch, dass behauptet wird, für die Unterscheidung der Ideen sei die Regelmäßigkeit maßgeblich, mit der gewisse Arten von sensorischen Eingaben gewisse Mengen von komplexen Ideen motivieren. Diese Lesart trägt zu einem Verständnis von Humes Auffassung der Wahrnehmung bei, da sie die Verarmung der begrifflichen Mittel, die für empiristische Theorien der Bedeutung so typisch ist, vermeidet und erklärt, warum Ideen auf Eindrücken basieren sollten, obwohl Eindrücke nicht als Abbildungen von Tatsachen erkannt werden können.

scholarly journals Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Li ◽  
Jin-Xing Wei ◽  
Guang-Wei Zhang ◽  
Junxiang J. Huang ◽  
Brian Zingg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Corticostriatal Projections ◽  
Behavioral Transition ◽  
Auditory Looming

AbstractAnimals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.

scholarly journals The Independent Evolution of Dorsal Pallia in Multiple Vertebrate Lineages

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Georg F. Striedter ◽  
R. Glenn Northcutt
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Independent Evolution ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes

Comparative neurobiologists have long wondered when and how the dorsal pallium (e.g., mammalian neocortex) evolved. For the last 50 years, the most widely accepted answer has been that this structure was already present in the earliest vertebrates and, therefore, homologous between the major vertebrate lineages. One challenge for this hypothesis is that the olfactory bulbs project throughout most of the pallium in the most basal vertebrate lineages (notably lampreys, hagfishes, and lungfishes) but do not project to the putative dorsal pallia in teleosts, cartilaginous fishes, and amniotes (i.e., reptiles, birds, and mammals). To make sense of these data, one may hypothesize that a dorsal pallium existed in the earliest vertebrates and received extensive olfactory input, which was subsequently lost in several lineages. However, the dorsal pallium is notoriously difficult to delineate in many vertebrates, and its homology between the various lineages is often based on little more than its topology. Therefore, we suspect that dorsal pallia evolved independently in teleosts, cartilaginous fishes, and amniotes. We further hypothesize that the emergence of these dorsal pallia was accompanied by the phylogenetic restriction of olfactory projections to the pallium and the expansion of inputs from other sensory modalities. We do not deny that the earliest vertebrates may have possessed nonolfactory sensory inputs to some parts of the pallium, but such projections alone do not define a dorsal pallium.

scholarly journals Psychomotor Predictive Processing

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Stephen Fox
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Primary Contribution ◽  
Planning And Operation

Psychomotor experience can be based on what people predict they will experience, rather than on sensory inputs. It has been argued that disconnects between human experience and sensory inputs can be addressed better through further development of predictive processing theory. In this paper, the scope of predictive processing theory is extended through three developments. First, by going beyond previous studies that have encompassed embodied cognition but have not addressed some fundamental aspects of psychomotor functioning. Second, by proposing a scientific basis for explaining predictive processing that spans objective neuroscience and subjective experience. Third, by providing an explanation of predictive processing that can be incorporated into the planning and operation of systems involving robots and other new technologies. This is necessary because such systems are becoming increasingly common and move us farther away from the hunter-gatherer lifestyles within which our psychomotor functioning evolved. For example, beliefs that workplace robots are threatening can generate anxiety, while wearing hardware, such as augmented reality headsets and exoskeletons, can impede the natural functioning of psychomotor systems. The primary contribution of the paper is the introduction of a new formulation of hierarchical predictive processing that is focused on psychomotor functioning.

Sex Differences on Use of Associative and Dissociative Cognitive Strategies among Male and Female Athletes

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Antonini Philippe ◽  
Roland Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
High Level

This study assessed whether men and women differed in using associative and dissociative cognitive strategies during athletic performance. Athletes (31 men, M age = 23.2 yr., SD = 3.9 and 29 women, M age = 22.9 yr., SD = 4.3) who practiced endurance activities (running, swimming, and cycling) were considered high-level performers because they participated in national or international competition. The athletes were interviewed, and Schomer's 1986 method of measurement was used to evaluate and quantify two cognitive strategies. Most specifically, categories of association concerned the way the athlete paid close attention to bodily signals, and categories of dissociation described how the athlete shunned sensory inputs. Analysis of variance and the t test showed that women tend to be more dissociative than men and men more associative than women. The results suggest that pain perception in these sports may be a function of sex.

scholarly journals Metabolic control of daily locomotor activity mediated by tachykinin in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hyuk Lee ◽  
Eunjoo Cho ◽  
Sung-Eun Yoon ◽  
Youngjoon Kim ◽  
Eun Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
Locomotor Activities ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors ◽  
High Sucrose ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMetabolism influences locomotor behaviors, but the understanding of neural curcuit control for that is limited. Under standard light-dark cycles, Drosophila exhibits bimodal morning (M) and evening (E) locomotor activities that are controlled by clock neurons. Here, we showed that a high-nutrient diet progressively extended M activity but not E activity. Drosophila tachykinin (DTk) and Tachykinin-like receptor at 86C (TkR86C)-mediated signaling was required for the extension of M activity. DTk neurons were anatomically and functionally connected to the posterior dorsal neuron 1s (DN1ps) in the clock neuronal network. The activation of DTk neurons reduced intracellular Ca2+ levels in DN1ps suggesting an inhibitory connection. The contacts between DN1ps and DTk neurons increased gradually over time in flies fed a high-sucrose diet, consistent with the locomotor behavior. DN1ps have been implicated in integrating environmental sensory inputs (e.g., light and temperature) to control daily locomotor behavior. This study revealed that DN1ps also coordinated nutrient information through DTk signaling to shape daily locomotor behavior.

scholarly journals Effect of Sudden Deprivation of Sensory Inputs From Periodontium on Mastication

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Grigoriadis ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Magnus K. Åberg ◽  
Mats Trulsson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Inputs

scholarly journals Dynamic modulation of visual and electrosensory gains for locomotor control

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (118) ◽  
pp. 20160057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Sutton ◽  
Alican Demir ◽  
Sarah A. Stamper ◽  
Eric S. Fortune ◽  
Noah J. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Sensorimotor Integration ◽  
Sensory Conflict ◽  
Dynamic Modulation ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Locomotor Control ◽  
Eigenmannia Virescens ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Perceptual Weights

Animal nervous systems resolve sensory conflict for the control of movement. For example, the glass knifefish, Eigenmannia virescens , relies on visual and electrosensory feedback as it swims to maintain position within a moving refuge. To study how signals from these two parallel sensory streams are used in refuge tracking, we constructed a novel augmented reality apparatus that enables the independent manipulation of visual and electrosensory cues to freely swimming fish ( n = 5). We evaluated the linearity of multisensory integration, the change to the relative perceptual weights given to vision and electrosense in relation to sensory salience, and the effect of the magnitude of sensory conflict on sensorimotor gain. First, we found that tracking behaviour obeys superposition of the sensory inputs, suggesting linear sensorimotor integration. In addition, fish rely more on vision when electrosensory salience is reduced, suggesting that fish dynamically alter sensorimotor gains in a manner consistent with Bayesian integration. However, the magnitude of sensory conflict did not significantly affect sensorimotor gain. These studies lay the theoretical and experimental groundwork for future work investigating multisensory control of locomotion.

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