scholarly journals Muscle and Tendon Adaptation in Adolescence: Elite Volleyball Athletes Compared to Untrained Boys and Girls

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Mersmann ◽  
Georgios Charcharis ◽  
Sebastian Bohm ◽  
Adamantios Arampatzis
Keyword(s):  
Tendon Adaptation

Shear mechanosensing drives tendon adaptation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Eekhoff ◽  
Leanne E. Iannucci ◽  
Spencer P. Lake
Keyword(s):  
Tendon Adaptation

scholarly journals Line- and Point-Focused Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Placebo-Controlled RCT Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812199179
Author(s):  
Matthias Gatz ◽  
Sebastian Schweda ◽  
Marcel Betsch ◽  
Timm Dirrichs ◽  
Matias de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy ◽  
Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Shock Wave Therapy ◽  
Ultrasound Tissue Characterization ◽  
Score Improvement ◽  
Extracorporeal Shock Wave ◽  
Tendon Adaptation ◽  
Over Time

Background: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a widely considered treatment option for Achilles tendinopathy. Line-focused ESWT is a novel technique treating a larger tendon area than point-focused ESWT. Monitoring capacities of clinical symptoms with ultrasound under ESWT treatment are unknown. Hypothesis: Point- and line-focused ESWT have a superior outcome than placebo ESWT. ESWT leads to morphological tendon changes detectable with ultrasound. Study Design: Single-blinded placebo-controlled randomized contolled trial. Level of Evidence: Level 1. Methods: The study was conducted in 3 cohorts, namely ESWT point (n = 21), ESWT line (n = 24), and ESWT placebo (n = 21). Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment–Achilles (VISA-A) score was measured before the intervention (T0), after 6 weeks (T1), and after 24 weeks (T2). All cohorts performed daily physiotherapy for 24 weeks and received 4 sessions of point-focused, line-focused, or placebo ESWT in the first 6 weeks. Ultrasound was performed with B-mode, power Doppler, shear wave elastography (SWE) at T0 and T2 and with ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) at T0, T1, and T2. Data were analyzed with a mixed analysis of variance and t test. Results: There was a significant VISA-A improvement over time for all groups ( P < 0.001). ESWT point had the strongest VISA-A score improvement +23 (ESWT line: +18; ESWT placebo: +15), but there was no significant interaction between time and any of the groups: F(4, 116) = 1.393; P = 0.24. UTC, power Doppler, and B-mode could not show significant alterations over time. SWE revealed a significant increase of elastic properties for ESWT point in the insertion ( t = −3.113, P = 0.03) and midportion ( t = −2.627, P = 0.02) over time. Conclusion: There is a significant VISA-A score improvement for all study groups without a statistically significant benefit for ESWT point or ESWT line compared with ESWT placebo. Tendon adaptation could only be detected with SWE for ESWT point. Clinical Relevance: The present study could not detect any statistically relevant effect of ESWT compared to placebo. SWE is able to demonstrate tendon adaptation.

scholarly journals Nandrolone increases angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity in rats tendons

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita de Cassia Marqueti ◽  
Nara Yumi Hashimoto ◽  
João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan ◽  
Lívia Larissa Batista e Silva ◽  
Jeeser Alves de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Session ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme ◽  
Tendon Adaptation ◽  
Ace Activity

INTRODUCTION: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been associated with several biological processes of the human body, regulating, among others blood pressure and water and electrolytes balance. Moreover, RAS also regulates connective tissue growth. Recently, studies have shown that the use of nandrolone modifies the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) activity and increases collagen deposition in the heart. OBJECTIVE: The aim of study was to evaluate the Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the superficial flexor tendon (SFT) and in serum after load exercise in combination with anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) administration after training session and six weeks of detraining. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were used into two groups (G1 and G2) subdivided into four subgroups: Sedentary (S); trained (T); AAS-treated (Deca-Durabolin(r), 5mg/kg, twice a week) sedentary rats (AAS) and AAS-treated and trained animals (AAST). Trained groups performed jumps in water: four series of 10 jumps each, followed by a 30 sec interval between the series, for seven weeks. RESULTS: Training increased ACE activity in the SFT compared to the control group (p <0.05). Both AAS and AAST groups presented higher ACE activity levels (p < 0.05). The AAST increased the ACE activity only compared to the trained animals. Only the AAST group presented significant higher levels of ACE in the serum. In the G2 group, all experimental groups presented decreased ACE activity in the serum and in the tendon, as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that AAS administration and its combination with exercise increased ACE activity of tendons. AAS abuse could compromise tendon adaptation causing maladaptive remodeling.

scholarly journals Load specific patellar and Achilles tendon adaptation: Structural integrity or function?

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
Hans-Peter Wiesinger ◽  
Florian Rieder ◽  
Alexander Kösters ◽  
Erich Müller ◽  
Olivier R. Seynnes
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Tendon Adaptation

Immature tendon adaptation to strenuous exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 2297-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Curwin ◽  
A. C. Vailas ◽  
J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Program ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Tendon Adaptation ◽  
Fumarase Activity ◽  
Tendon Collagen

White Leghorn roosters (3 wk old) were randomly assigned to runner or control groups. Runners were subjected to a progressive treadmill running program for 8 wk, 5 days/wk at 70-80% maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max). After 8 wk, runners showed a significant elevation in gastrocnemius fumarase activity (51%) and a 21% increase in VO2max compared with controls. The exercise program induced a significant increase in tendon collagen deposition (46%) without any changes in DNA, proteoglycan, and collagen concentrations or tendon dry weight. Also, tendon collagen from runners contained fewer (50%) pyridinoline cross-links. These results suggest that high-intensity exercise causes greater matrix-collagen turnover in growing chickens, resulting in reduced maturation of tendon collagen.

The effect of running, strength, and vibration strength training on the mechanical, morphological, and biochemical properties of the Achilles tendon in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 564-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Legerlotz ◽  
Peter Schjerling ◽  
Henning Langberg ◽  
Gert-Peter Brüggemann ◽  
Anja Niehoff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Vibration Strength ◽  
Mrna Concentration ◽  
Collagen Iii ◽  
Tendon Adaptation

Compared with muscle or bone, there is a lack of information about the relationship between tendon adaptation and the applied loading characteristic. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of different exercise modes characterized by very distinct loading patterns on the mechanical, morphological, and biochemical properties of the Achilles tendon. Sixty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: nonactive age-matched control (AMC; n = 20), voluntary wheel running (RT; n = 20), vibration strength-trained (LVST; n = 12), high-vibration strength-trained (HVST; n = 6), and high strength-trained (HST; n = 6) group. After a 12-wk-long experimental period, the Achilles tendon was tested mechanically and the cross-sectional area, the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle mass, and mRNA concentration of collagen I, collagen III, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 was determined. Neither in the LVST nor in the HVST group could any adaptation of the Achilles tendon be detected, although the training had an effect on the gastrocnemius muscle mass in the LVST group ( P < 0.05). In the HST group, the highest creep was found, but the effect was more pronounced compared with the LVST group ( P < 0.05) than with the AMC group. That indicates that this was rather induced by the low muscle mass rather than by training. However, the RT group had a higher TIMP-1 mRNA concentration in the Achilles tendon in contrast to AMC group ( P < 0.05), which suggests that this exercise mode may have an influence on tendon adaptation.

Achilles Tendon Adaptation During Transition to a Minimalist Running Style

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Joseph ◽  
Katherine Histen ◽  
Julia Arntsen ◽  
Lauren L’Hereux ◽  
Carmine Defeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Transition Program ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometry ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Tendon Adaptation ◽  
Time Point

Context:Achilles tendons (ATs) adapt to increased loading generated by long-term adoption of a minimalist shoe running style. There may be difference in the chronology and extent of adaptation between the sexes.Objective:To learn the chronology of AT adaptations in female and male runners who transitioned to a minimalist running style through a planned, progressive 12-wk transition program.Design:Prospective cohort study of well-trained, traditionally shod runners who transitioned to minimalist shoe running.Setting:Repeated laboratory assessment at baseline and 3, 12, and 24 wk after initiating transition program.Participants:Fifteen women and 7 men (of 29 enrolled) completed the study.Main Outcome Measures:The authors used diagnostic ultrasound and isokinetic dynamometry to generate a force elongation curve and its derivatives at each time point.Results:Greater adaptations were observed in men than in women, with men generating more force and having greater increases in CSA, stiffness, and Young’s modulus and less elongation after 12 wk of training.Conclusion:Men demonstrated changes in AT properties that were consistent with increased loading of the triceps surae during exercise. The women demonstrated far smaller changes. Further investigation is warranted to understand when adaptations may occur in women and the implications of altered AT mechanical properties for performance and injury risk.

What is the impact of inflammation on the critical interplay between mechanical signaling and biochemical changes in tendon matrix?

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 879-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kjaer ◽  
Monika L. Bayer ◽  
Pernilla Eliasson ◽  
Katja M. Heinemeier
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Early Inflammatory Response ◽  
Human Tendon ◽  
Core Tissue ◽  
Tendon Adaptation ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Impact

Mechanical loading can influence tendon collagen homeostasis in animal models, while the dynamics of the human adult tendon core tissue are more debatable. Currently available data indicate that human tendon adaptation to loading may happen primarily in the outer tendon region. A role of inflammation in this peritendinous adaptation is supported by a rise in inflammatory mediators in the peritendinous area after physiological mechanical loading in humans. This plays a role in the exercise-induced rise in tendon blood flow and peritendinous collagen synthesis. Although inflammatory activity can activate proteolytic pathways in tendon, mechanical loading can protect against matrix degradation. Acute tendon injury displays an early inflammatory response that seems to be lowered when mechanical loading is applied during regeneration of tendon. Chronically overloaded tendons (tendinopathy) do neither at rest nor after acute exercise display any enhanced inflammatory activity, and thus the basis for using anti-inflammatory medication to treat tendon overuse seems limited.

scholarly journals Athletic training affects the uniformity of muscle and tendon adaptation during adolescence

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Mersmann ◽  
Sebastian Bohm ◽  
Arno Schroll ◽  
Robert Marzilger ◽  
Adamantios Arampatzis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tendon Adaptation ◽  
Tendon Force ◽  
Knee Extensor Muscle Strength

With the double stimulus of mechanical loading and maturation acting on the muscle-tendon unit, adolescent athletes might be at increased risk of developing imbalances of muscle strength and tendon mechanical properties. This longitudinal study aims to provide detailed information on how athletic training affects the time course of muscle-tendon adaptation during adolescence. In 12 adolescent elite athletes (A) and 8 similar-aged controls (C), knee extensor muscle strength and patellar tendon mechanical properties were measured over 1 yr in 3-mo intervals. A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze time-dependent changes and the residuals of the model to quantify fluctuations over time. The cosine similarity (CS) served as a measure of uniformity of the relative changes of tendon force and stiffness. Muscle strength and tendon stiffness increased significantly in both groups ( P < 0.01). However, the fluctuations of muscle strength were greater [A, 17 ± 7 (SD) N·m; C, 6 ± 2 N·m; P < 0.05] and the uniformity of changes of tendon force and stiffness was lower in athletes (CS A, −0.02 ± 0.5; C, 0.5 ± 0.4; P < 0.05). Further, athletes demonstrated greater maximum tendon strain (A, 7.6 ± 1.7%; C, 5.5 ± 0.9%; P < 0.05) and strain fluctuations (A, 0.9 ± 0.4; C, 0.3 ± 0.1; P < 0.05). We conclude that athletic training in adolescence affects the uniformity of muscle and tendon adaptation, which increases the demand on the tendon with potential implications for tendon injury.

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