scholarly journals Plant response to environmental conditions: assessing potential production, water demand, and negative effects of water deficit

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Tardieu
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Production Water

scholarly journals A comparative assessment of C02/H20 gas exchange in evergreen woody and shrubby plants under favorable and stressful environmental conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Plugatar ◽  
S. P. Korsakova ◽  
M. S. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Laurus Nobilis ◽  
Aucuba Japonica ◽  
Response To Water

A comparative assessment of the adaptive response of the photosynthetic apparatus and water regime in 6 evergreen tree and shrub plant species to the effect of abiotic factors and their strategies in supporting optimal water balance in accordance with environmental conditions was carried out. Parameters of photosynthesis light response curves under conditions of full sunlight and moderate shading were determined. It is shown that due to the low plasticity to changes in the light regime Arbutus andrachne L. may have a significant lack of light in strong shading. Important adaptive features of Laurus nobilis L., Aucuba japónica Thunb. and Viburnum tinus L. is the ability of the photosynthetic apparatus to effectively use low light and maintain a positive carbon balance in conditions of strong shading. Three types of plant response to water deficit have been identified. Drought- resistant type of water balance regulation by closing stomata is characteristic of Nerium oleander L. and Laurus nobilis. In Aucuba japónica and Prunus laurocerasus L. a reaction aimed at preserving the water balance in the plant by maintaining a high level of transpiration has been identified. The third type of plant response to water deficit which combines both types of reaction provides high adaptive ability to drought Viburnum tinus and Arbutus andrachne. Drought tolerance of Arbutus andrachne was the highest among the studied species.

Endoparasitism in colonial hosts: patterns and processes

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. L. HILL ◽  
B. OKAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Colony Fission ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

SUMMARYThis study begins to redress our lack of knowledge of the interactions between colonial hosts and their parasites by focusing on a novel host-parasite system. Investigations of freshwater bryozoan populations revealed that infection by myxozoan parasites is widespread. Covert infections were detected in all 5 populations studied and were often at high prevalence while overt infections were observed in only 1. Infections were persistent in populations subject to temporal sampling. Negative effects of infection were identified but virulence was low. Infection did not induce mortality in the environmental conditions studied. However, the production of statoblasts (dormant propagules) was greatly reduced in bryozoans with overt infections in comparison to uninfected bryozoans. Overtly-infected bryozoans also grew more slowly and had low fission rates relative to colonies lacking overt infection. Bryozoans with covert infections were smaller than uninfected bryozoans. High levels of vertical transmission were achieved through colony fission and the infection of statoblasts. Increased fission rates may be a strategy for hosts to escape from parasites but the parasite can also exploit the fragmentation of colonial hosts to gain vertical transmission and dispersal. Our study provides evidence that opportunities and constraints for host-parasite co-evolution can be highly dependent on organismal body plans and that low virulence may be associated with exploitation of colonial hosts by endoparasites.

scholarly journals An Innovative Fog Catcher System Applied in the Andean Communities of Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1917-1923
Author(s):  
David V. Carrera-Villacrés ◽  
Iveth Carolina Robalino ◽  
Fabian F. Rodríguez ◽  
Washington R. Sandoval ◽  
Deysi L. Hidalgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Precipitation Water ◽  
Local Water

Abstract. Fog catchers have been successfully applied in several countries around the world. In Ecuador, the Galte communities in the Andean region suffer from water deficits because they are located at an altitude higher than 3500 m above sea level. Rainfall in the area is relatively low, about 600 mm per year, with high evapotranspiration of approximately 615.74 mm per year. This study aimed to install fog catchers in Galte in 2014 and 2015 to help meet the communities’ water needs. The fog catcher system was designed to satisfy the irrigation water demand for local agricultural production, mainly maize, based on estimates using the Blaney-Criddle method. Every day throughout the year, each fog catcher collected 5 to 20 L of water per m2 of catcher area. The results indicate that the fog catcher system can meet about 5% of the local water demand for agricultural production. Keywords: Ecuador, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Precipitation, Water deficit.

scholarly journals Spring barley performances in the Pannonian zone

Genetika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novo Przulj ◽  
Vojislava Momcilovic
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Environmental conditions in the Pannonian zone can be characterized with moderate high temperature and partially water deficit during grain filling of spring barley, although low temperature and water deficit are possible also in period till anthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the variation of the duration of the period from emergence to anthesis (VP), duration of grain filling period (GFP), plant height (PH), spikes number m-2 (SN), grains number spike-1 (GN), thousand grains weight (GW) and yield (YIL) in spring two-rowed barley in conditions of the Pannonian zone. All three factors; genotype, environment and the interaction GxY affected the studied traits. Average VP was 777 GDD, GFP 782 GDD, PH 78 cm, SN 523, GN 28.2, GW 43.2 g and YIL 6.26 t ha-1. Variation across varieties was higher than across growing seasons. Heritability varied from 0.66 for YIL to 0.94 for VP and GFP. This study confirmed that a sufficiently large genetic variability must be base for selecting appropriate varieties for the Pannonian zone conditions. In order to determine high yielding and quality barley extensive research in relation to breeding, variety choice for production and growing practice must be done.

scholarly journals ROOT SYSTEM IN MAIZE PLANTS CULTIVATED UNDER WATER DEFICIT AND APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
LORENA GABRIELA ALMEIDA ◽  
EDER MARCOS DA SILVA ◽  
PAULO CÉSAR MAGALHÃES ◽  
DÉCIO KARAM ◽  
CAROLINE OLIVEIRA DOS REIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Corn Plants

Low water availability is characterized as an abiotic stressthat limits the agricultural production. Due to the physical and chemicalcharacteristics of the chitosan (CHT), this substance might stimulatephysiological responses on plants to tolerate the water deficit. In this sense,we submitted corn plants to water deficit and application of chitosan on theleaves (140 mg/L) during pre flowering stage. It were analyzed two cornhybrids genotypes contrasting for water deficit tolerance: DKB 390 (tolerant)and BRS1010 (sensitive). Then, we performed evaluations on the rootsystem and production components. Corn plants submitted to the applicationof chitosan presented a specific behavior: when compared the hybrids,the tolerant one presented a root system that was more developed and anexpressive agronomical yield. These results highlight the fact that the chitosanstimulates plant growth, enhancing their root system and contributing toincrease the availability and absorption of water and nutrients. The chitosanpresents a potential to reduce the negative effects of water deficit on the rootsystems, without compromising the agronomical yield.

Estimation of the water footprint of sugarcane in Mexico: is ethanol production an environmentally feasible fuel option?

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Haro ◽  
Ines Navarro ◽  
Ralph Thompson ◽  
Blanca Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
The Impact

Energy policies are taken throughout the world to reduce fossil fuel emissions from transportation sources. Agriculturally based biofuels are currently the only alternatives to liquid fossil fuels. However, as biofuel production spreads, so too do its cascading impacts on environment and food security. This paper analyzes the impact of Mexican ethanol-sugarcane policy on water resources. The water footprint of sugarcane (WFsc) was quantified for an agricultural region in Jalisco, Mexico, and used to estimate anthropologic water demand and stress index. This analysis was performed using historical climate data, and for projected changes under scenarios A2 and B1, using ECHAM and GFDL models. The average historical water footprint of sugarcane was estimated as 104.9 m3/ton, total average water demand as 152.3 Mm3/year and a historical water scarcity index as 59%. Under climate change, the footprint might increase 2% by 2020 and 3–4% by 2050. The available water is predicted to fall 4–7% by 2020, and 6–8% by 2050, with negative effects on water stress. Due to the strong influence of local factors on water footprint and stress, additional research is needed for all Mexican sugarcane regions, in order to evaluate the feasibility of the policy regarding the use of ethanol for transportation.

scholarly journals Optimal Water Resources Regulation for the Pond Irrigation System Based on Simulation—A Case Study in Jiang-Huai Hilly Regions, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangming Jiang ◽  
Shaowei Ning ◽  
Xiuqing Cao ◽  
Juliang Jin ◽  
Fan Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Irrigation Districts ◽  
Regulation Model

Due to the importance and complexity of water resources regulations in the pond irrigation systems of the Jiang-Huai hilly regions, a water allocation simulation model for pond irrigation districts based on system simulation theory was developed in this study. To maximize agricultural irrigation benefits while guaranteeing rural domestic water demand, an optimal water resources regulation model for pond irrigation districts and a simulation-based optimal water resources regulation technology system for the pond irrigation system were developed. Using this system, it was determined that the suitable pond coverage rate (pond capacity per unit area) was 2.92 × 105 m3/km2. Suitable water supply and operational rules for adjusting crop planting structure were also developed the water-saving irrigation method and irrigation system. To guarantee rural domestic water demand, the multi-year average total irrigation water deficit of the study area decreased by 4.66 × 104 m3/km2; the average multi-year water deficit ratio decreased from 20.40% to 1.18%; the average multi-year irrigation benefit increased by 1.11 × 105 RMB (16,128$)/km2; and the average multi-year revenue increased by 6.69%. Both the economic and social benefits were significant. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and technological support for comprehensive pone governance in the Jiang-Huai hilly regions and promote the establishment of a water allocation scheme and irrigation system for pond irrigation districts, which have practical significance and important application value.

scholarly journals DIALLEL ANALYSIS OF TOLERANCE TO DROUGHT IN COWPEA GENOTYPES

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERINA VITÓRIO RODRIGUES ◽  
KAESEL JACKSON DAMASCENO-SILVA ◽  
MAURISRAEL DE MOURA ROCHA ◽  
EDSON ALVES BASTOS ◽  
ADRIANO DOS SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Diallel Analysis ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Complete Diallel Cross ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
Block Experiment

ABSTRACT The low use of technologies by farmers and the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses are limiting factors for cowpea production in the Brazilian Northeast region. The tolerance of genotypes to drought is an alternative to decrease the negative effects of stresses on cowpea production. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify parents and combinations of cowpea genotypes with high probability of generating segregating populations with tolerance to drought. Six cowpea genotypes were crossed in a complete diallel cross design, totaling 30 F2 populations, which were evaluated together with their parents in an experiment under water deficit at the experimental field of the Embrapa Mid-North, Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. A triple lattice incomplete block experiment design was used, with three replications, with experimental plot consisting of six 2-m plant rows. Fifteen plants per plot were sampled to evaluate their agronomic characteristics, whose results were subjected to analysis of variance and means were used to estimate the general and specific combining abilities. The genotypes showed significant differences in all characteristics evaluated, denoting the genetic variability of the population. The additive effects were more important than the non-additive effects, and maternal inheritance was detected. The genotypes BRS Xiquexique, Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2 and MNC99-510F-16-1 were the most promising for use in recurrent selection programs for tolerance to water deficit. The hybrid combinations (1) BRS Paraguaçu X (4) CNCx-698-128G, (2) Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2 X (3) BRS Xiquexique, (3) BRS Xiquexique X (5) Santo-Inácio, (4) CNCx-698-128G X (6) MNC99-510F-16-1 and (5) Santo-Inácio X (4) CNCx-698-128G showed potential for generating superior lineages regarding bean production and tolerance to water deficit.

scholarly journals Age-dependent effects of moderate differences in environmental predictability forecasted by climate change, experimental evidence from a short-lived lizard (Zootoca vivipara)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Masó ◽  
J. Kaufmann ◽  
H. Clavero ◽  
P. S. Fitze
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Environmental Predictability ◽  
Common Lizard ◽  
Zootoca Vivipara ◽  
Age Dependent

Abstract Whether and how differences in environmental predictability affect life-history traits is controversial and may depend on mean environmental conditions. Solid evidence for effects of environmental predictability are lacking and thus, the consequences of the currently observed and forecasted climate-change induced reduction of precipitation predictability are largely unknown. Here we experimentally tested whether and how changes in the predictability of precipitation affect growth, reproduction, and survival of common lizard Zootoca vivipara. Precipitation predictability affected all three age classes. While adults were able to compensate the treatment effects, yearlings and juvenile females were not able to compensate negative effects of less predictable precipitation on growth and body condition, respectively. Differences among the age-classes’ response reflect differences (among age-classes) in the sensitivity to environmental predictability. Moreover, effects of environmental predictability depended on mean environmental conditions. This indicates that integrating differences in environmental sensitivity, and changes in averages and the predictability of climatic variables will be key to understand whether species are able to cope with the current climatic change.

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