scholarly journals A Bi-Axial Quantum State That Controls Molecular Collisions Like a Double-Slit Interferometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Perreault ◽  
Haowen Zhou ◽  
Nandini Mukherjee ◽  
Richard N. Zare
Keyword(s):  
Quantum State ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Scattering Matrix ◽  
Collision Velocity ◽  
Molecular Scattering ◽  
Hydrogen Molecules ◽  
Axial State ◽  
Double Slit

To control molecular scattering, we consider hydrogen molecules prepared in a coherent superposition of m states within a single rovibrational (v, j) energy eigenstate using Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage (SARP). Specifically, SARP can prepare a bi-axial state of the HD molecule in which the HD bond axis exists simultaneously in two possible alignments at right angles to one another with a well-defined relative phase. We show that scattering from this biaxial state will interfere, resulting in a φ -dependent scattering intensity distribution, where φ is the azimuthal angle about the collision velocity direction. Using the scattering matrix extracted from our experiments on the rotationally inelastic collisions of quantum state prepared HD at low temperatures, we calculate the differential scattering cross-section dσ/dΩ, which shows an interference pattern as function of θ and φ in the image plane perpendicular to the collision velocity. The calculated scattering image shows that scattering from the bi-axial state directs molecules along well-defined angles, corresponding to interference maxima. Thus, the bi-axial state behaves like a double slit for molecular scattering. Moreover, by rotating the polarizations of the SARP preparation lasers, we can control the interference thereby altering the scattering angular distribution. This molecular interferometer, which experimentally measures the relative phases of the scattering matrix elements, allows a direct test of theoretical calculations on important, fundamental collision processes.

Effects of Higher-Order Laue Zone reflections on structure images

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
H. S. Kim ◽  
S. S. Sheinin
Keyword(s):  
Wave Vector ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Bloch Wave ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Lattice Image ◽  
Lattice Vector ◽  
Image Position

The importance of image simulation in interpreting experimental lattice images is well established. Normally, in carrying out the required theoretical calculations, only zero order Laue zone reflections are taken into account. In this paper we assess the conditions for which this procedure is valid and indicate circumstances in which higher order Laue zone reflections may be important. Our work is based on an analysis of the requirements for obtaining structure images i.e. images directly related to the projected potential. In the considerations to follow, the Bloch wave formulation of the dynamical theory has been used.The intensity in a lattice image can be obtained from the total wave function at the image plane is given by: where ϕg(z) is the diffracted beam amplitide given by In these equations,the z direction is perpendicular to the entrance surface, g is a reciprocal lattice vector, the Cg(i) are Fourier coefficients in the expression for a Bloch wave, b(i), X(i) is the Bloch wave excitation coefficient, ϒ(i)=k(i)-K, k(i) is a Bloch wave vector, K is the electron wave vector after correction for the mean inner potential of the crystal, T(q) and D(q) are the transfer function and damping function respectively, q is a scattering vector and the summation is over i=l,N where N is the number of beams taken into account.

scholarly journals Tracking the rotation of single CdS nanorods during photocatalysis with surface plasmon resonance microscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (14) ◽  
pp. 6630-6634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingyan Jiang ◽  
Hua Su ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Yongjie Wang ◽  
Hong-Yuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Surface Plasmon ◽  
Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Rotational Dynamics ◽  
Cds Nanorods ◽  
Hydrogen Molecules ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Anisotropic Nanomaterials ◽  
Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy

While rotational dynamics of anisotropic nanoobjects has often been limited in plasmonic and fluorescent nanomaterials, here we demonstrate the capability of a surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) to determine the orientation of all kinds of anisotropic nanomaterials. By taking CdS nanorods as an example, it was found that two-dimensional Fourier transform of the asymmetrical wave-like SPRM image resulted in a peak in its angular spectrum inkspace. Consistency between the peak angle and the geometrical orientation of the nanorod was validated by both in situ scanning electron microscope characterizations and theoretical calculations. Real-time monitoring of the rotational dynamics of single CdS nanorods further revealed the accelerated rotation under appropriate reaction conditions for photocatalyzed hydrogen generation. The driving force was attributed to the asymmetric production of hydrogen molecules as a result of inhomogeneous distribution of reactive sites within the nanorod. The present work not only builds the experimental and theoretical connections between the orientation of anisotropic nanomaterials and its SPRM images; the general suitability of SPRM also sheds light on broad types of nonfluorescent and nonplasmonic anisotropic nanoobjects from semiconductors to bacteria and viruses.

Modification of an Energy Filtering Transmission Electron Microscope for Low Energy Loss Imaging and Chromophore Mapping

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
J. A. Davis ◽  
Y. M. Heng ◽  
M. M. G. Barfels ◽  
F. P. Ottensmeyerf
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Energy Filtering ◽  
Convex Curves ◽  
Plasmon Peak ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Electrostatic Mirror

We have recently replaced the electron energy filter of the Zeiss EM 902 with an improved PMP filter. The design, incorporating concave curved entrance and exit faces and convex curves on the side facing the electrostatic mirror was based on the theoretical calculations of Jiang and Ottensmeyer and Barfels et al. Care was taken in the design of the filter to allow its introduction into the existing geometry of the microscope and its use of the existing electronics. As a result, dismantling the existing prism housing and support (which were used as the base for the new prism), reinstallation, and adjustment required only three working days. The resolution in tjie energy dispersive plane of the new filter was measured using the 15.0 eV plasmon peak of aluminum as an internal standard. Such measurements yielded a FWHM of 1.1 eV over the full image plane (fig. 1) with an optimum resolution of approximately 0.8 eV possible with corrections to the stability of the voltage supply and further small alignment adjustments.This improved energy resolution permits the detection and imaging of signals in the low loss region previously inaccessible to us in the EM902.

Quantum mechanical double slit for molecular scattering

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 374 (6570) ◽  
pp. 960-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haowen Zhou ◽  
William E. Perreault ◽  
Nandini Mukherjee ◽  
Richard N. Zare
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Molecular Scattering ◽  
Double Slit

XUV Absorption Spectra of Carbon Ions

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
E. Jannitti ◽  
P. Nicolosi ◽  
G. Tondello
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Photoionization Cross Section ◽  
Carbon Ions

AbstractThe photoabsorption spectra of the carbon ions have been obtained by using two laser-produced plasmas. The photoionization cross-section of the CV has been absolutely measured and the value at threshold, σ=(4.7±0.5) × 10−19cm2, as well as its behaviour at higher energies agrees quite well with the theoretical calculations.

Relative Intensities in ED Patterns From Thin Gold Films

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
R. H. Morriss ◽  
J. D. C. Peng ◽  
C. D. Melvin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Diffraction Theory ◽  
Gold Films ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Crystal Perfection ◽  
Heavy Atoms ◽  
Fine Focus ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Beam Diffraction

Although dynamical diffraction theory was modified for electrons by Bethe in 1928, relatively few calculations have been carried out because of computational difficulties. Even fewer attempts have been made to correlate experimental data with theoretical calculations. The experimental conditions are indeed stringent - not only is a knowledge of crystal perfection, morphology, and orientation necessary, but other factors such as specimen contamination are important and must be carefully controlled. The experimental method of fine-focus convergent-beam electron diffraction has been successfully applied by Goodman and Lehmpfuhl to single crystals of MgO containing light atoms and more recently by Lynch to single crystalline (111) gold films which contain heavy atoms. In both experiments intensity distributions were calculated using the multislice method of n-beam diffraction theory. In order to obtain reasonable accuracy Lynch found it necessary to include 139 beams in the calculations for gold with all but 43 corresponding to beams out of the [111] zone.

“Preparation of Single Crystalline Gold Films for ED Studies”

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 634-635
Author(s):  
Joseph D. C. Peng
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Diffraction Theory ◽  
Scattering Matrix ◽  
Vacuum Evaporation ◽  
Gold Films ◽  
Matrix Formulation ◽  
Silver Films ◽  
Single Crystalline ◽  
Grating Pattern ◽  
Stacking Disorder

The relative intensities of the ED spots in a cross-grating pattern can be calculated using N-beam electron diffraction theory. The scattering matrix formulation of N-beam ED theory has been previously applied to imperfect microcrystals of gold containing stacking disorder (coherent twinning) in the (111) crystal plane. In the present experiment an effort has been made to grow single-crystalline, defect-free (111) gold films of a uniform and accurately know thickness using vacuum evaporation techniques. These represent stringent conditions to be met experimentally; however, if a meaningful comparison is to be made between theory and experiment, these factors must be carefully controlled. It is well-known that crystal morphology, perfection, and orientation each have pronounced effects on relative intensities in single crystals.The double evaporation method first suggested by Pashley was employed with some modifications. Oriented silver films of a thickness of about 1500Å were first grown by vacuum evaporation on freshly cleaved mica, with the substrate temperature at 285° C during evaporation with the deposition rate at 500-800Å/sec.

Measurements in 3D images

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
John C. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope ◽  
Hard Materials ◽  
Depth Direction ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser

Three-dimensional (3D) images consisting of arrays of voxels can now be routinely obtained from several different types of microscopes. These include both the transmission and emission modes of the confocal scanning laser microscope (but not its most common reflection mode), the secondary ion mass spectrometer, and computed tomography using electrons, X-rays or other signals. Compared to the traditional use of serial sectioning (which includes sequential polishing of hard materials), these newer techniques eliminate difficulties of alignment of slices, and maintain uniform resolution in the depth direction. However, the resolution in the z-direction may be different from that within each image plane, which makes the voxels non-cubic and creates some difficulties for subsequent analysis.

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