scholarly journals The Oral Microbiome in Pediatric IBD: A Source of Pathobionts or Biomarkers?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Elmaghrawy ◽  
Séamus Hussey ◽  
Gary P. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Clinical Indicator ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Oral Microbes

The oral cavity is continuous with the gastrointestinal tract and in children, oral health may be closely linked with the overall health of the GI tract. In the case of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD), oral manifestations are an important clinical indicator of intestinal disease. Recent studies of the microbiome in IBD suggest that translocation of oral microbes to the gut may be a common feature of the microbial dysbiosis which is a signature of both CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). Murine studies suggest that translocation of oral bacteria and yeasts to the lower GI tract may trigger inflammation in susceptible hosts, providing a mechanistic link to the development of IBD. Conversely, some studies have shown that dysbiosis of the oral microbiome may occur, possibly as a result of inflammatory responses and could represent a useful source of biomarkers of GI health. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in IBD and presents current hypotheses on the potential role of this community in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

scholarly journals Gas6/TAM Axis in Sepsis: Time to Consider Its Potential Role as a Therapeutic Target

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Salmi ◽  
Francesco Gavelli ◽  
Filippo Patrucco ◽  
Marina Caputo ◽  
Gian Carlo Avanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Role ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Tyrosine kinase receptors are transmembrane proteins involved in cell signaling and interaction. Among them, the TAM family (composed by Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer) represents a peculiar subgroup with an important role in many physiological and pathological conditions. Despite different mechanisms of activation (e.g., protein S and Galactin-3), TAM action is tightly related to their common ligand, a protein named growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6). Since the expression of both TAM and Gas6 is widely distributed among tissues, any alteration of one of these components can lead to different pathological conditions. Moreover, as they are indispensable for homeostasis maintenance, in recent years a growing interest has emerged regarding their role in the regulation of the inflammatory process. Due to this involvement, many authors have demonstrated the pivotal role of the Gas6/TAM axis in both sepsis and the sepsis-related inflammatory responses. In this narrative review, we highlight the current knowledge as well as the last discoveries on TAM and Gas6 implication in different clinical conditions, notably in sepsis and septic shock. Lastly, we underline not only the feasible use of Gas6 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in certain systemic acute conditions but also its potential therapeutic role in these life-threatening diseases.

Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Role of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (42) ◽  
pp. 4510-4522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biancamaria Longoni ◽  
Irene Fasciani ◽  
Shivakumar Kolachalam ◽  
Ilaria Pietrantoni ◽  
Francesco Marampon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
The Brain

: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells that are also found in most biological fluids and tissues. While they were initially thought to act as compartments for removal of cellular debris, they are now recognized as important tools for cell-to-cell communication and for the transfer of pathogens between the cells. They have attracted particular interest in neurodegenerative diseases for their potential role in transferring prion-like proteins between neurons, and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), they have been shown to spread oligomers of α-synuclein in the brain accelerating the progression of this pathology. A potential neuroprotective role of exosomes has also been equally proposed in PD as they could limit the toxicity of α-synuclein by clearing them out of the cells. Exosomes have also attracted considerable attention for use as drug vehicles. Being nonimmunogenic in nature, they provide an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the delivery of incorporated drugs to target cells. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the potential neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of exosomes and their potential application as drug delivery systems in PD.

Lung epithelial NOX/DUOX and respiratory virus infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Grandvaux ◽  
Mélissa Mariani ◽  
Karin Fink
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Lung Epithelial ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

Determining the role of NADPH oxidases in the context of virus infection is an emerging area of research and our knowledge is still sparse. The expression of various isoforms of NOX/DUOX (NADPH oxidase/dual oxidase) in the epithelial cells (ECs) lining the respiratory tract renders them primary sites from which to orchestrate the host defence against respiratory viruses. Accumulating evidence reveals distinct facets of the involvement of NOX/DUOX in host antiviral and pro-inflammatory responses and in the control of the epithelial barrier integrity, with individual isoforms mediating co-operative, but surprisingly also opposing, functions. Although in vivo studies in mice are in line with some of these observations, a complete understanding of the specific functions of epithelial NOX/DUOX awaits lung epithelial-specific conditional knockout mice. The goal of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge of the role of individual NOX/DUOX isoforms expressed in the lung epithelium in the context of respiratory virus infections so as to highlight potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Potential role of NF-κB pathway in the immuno-inflammatory responses during human cystic echinococcosis

Acta Tropica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 105306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Tilioua ◽  
Dalila Mezioug ◽  
Zine-Charaf Amir-Tidadini ◽  
Yacine-Miloud Medjdoub ◽  
Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Microbiota and Microbiome in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Sona Ciernikova ◽  
Maria Novisedlakova ◽  
Danka Cholujova ◽  
Viola Stevurkova ◽  
Michal Mego
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
The Impact

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors due to the absence of biomarkers for early-stage detection and poor response to therapy. Since mounting evidence supports the role of microbiota composition in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment, the link between microbiome and PDAC has been described. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of the gut and oral microbiome on the risk of PDAC development. Microenvironment-driven therapy and immune system interactions are also discussed. More importantly, we provide an overview of the clinical trials evaluating the microbiota role in the risk, prognosis, and treatment of patients suffering from PDAC and solid tumors. According to the research findings, immune tolerance might result from the microbiota-derived remodeling of pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Thus, microbiome profiling and targeting represent the potential trend to enhance antitumor immunity and improve the efficacy of PDAC treatment.

scholarly journals Acquisition of Oral Microbes and Associated Systemic Responses of Newborn Nonhuman Primates

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ebersole ◽  
S. C. Holt ◽  
J. E. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Risk Measures ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTThe acquisition and development of the complex oral microbiome remain ill defined. While selected species of oral bacteria have been examined in relation to their initial colonization in neonates, a more detailed understanding of the dynamics of the microbiome has been developed only in adults. The current investigation used a nonhuman primate model to document the kinetics of colonization of the oral cavities of newborns and infants by a range of oral commensals and pathogens. Differences in colonization were evaluated in newborns from mothers who were maintained on an oral hygiene regimen pre- and postparturition with those displaying naturally acquired gingivitis/periodontitis. The results demonstrate distinct profiles of acquisition of selected oral bacteria, with the transmission of targeted pathogens,Porphyromonas gingivalisandAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, being passed on primarily from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. This colonization resulted in defined patterns of systemic antibody responses in the infants. The significant relative risk measures for infection with the pathogens, as well as the relationship of oral infection and blood serum antibody levels, were consistent with those of the newborns from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. These findings indicate that the early acquisition of potentially pathogenic oral bacterial species might impact the development of mucosal responses in the gingiva and may provide an enhanced risk for the development of periodontitis later in life.

scholarly journals Evidence for a Potential Role of Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouk Waeytens ◽  
Martine De Vos ◽  
Debby Laukens
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of chronic, relapsing, immune-mediated disorders of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Recent studies underscore the importance of the damaged epithelial barrier and the dysregulated innate immune system in their pathogenesis. Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small proteins with a high and conserved cysteine content that are rapidly upregulated in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding the expression and potential role of MTs in IBD. MTs exert a central position in zinc homeostasis, modulate the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-B, and serve as antioxidants. In addition, MTs could be involved in IBD through their antiapoptotic effects or through specific immunomodulating extracellular effects. Reports on MT expression in IBD are contradictory but clearly demonstrate a deviant MT expression supporting the idea that these aberrations in IBD require further clarification.

scholarly journals Endocrine regulation of circadian physiology

2016 ◽  
Vol 230 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H Tsang ◽  
Mariana Astiz ◽  
Maureen Friedrichs ◽  
Henrik Oster
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Endogenous Rhythmicity ◽  
Circadian Physiology ◽  
External Time ◽  
High Calorie

Endogenous circadian clocks regulate 24-h rhythms of behavior and physiology to align with external time. The endocrine system serves as a major clock output to regulate various biological processes. Recent findings suggest that some of the rhythmic hormones can also provide feedback to the circadian system at various levels, thus contributing to maintaining the robustness of endogenous rhythmicity. This delicate balance of clock–hormone interaction is vulnerable to modern lifestyle factors such as shiftwork or high-calorie diets, altering physiological set points. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the communication between the circadian timing and endocrine systems, with a focus on adrenal glucocorticoids and metabolic peptide hormones. We explore the potential role of hormones as systemic feedback signals to adjust clock function and their relevance for the maintenance of physiological and metabolic circadian homeostasis.

scholarly journals A missing piece: the spiny mouse and the puzzle of menstruating species

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. R25-R41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Bellofiore ◽  
Fiona Cousins ◽  
Peter Temple-Smith ◽  
Hayley Dickinson ◽  
Jemma Evans
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Spiny Mouse ◽  
Biological Phenomenon ◽  
Elephant Shrew ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
The Common

We recently discovered the first known menstruating rodent. With the exception of four bats and the elephant shrew, the common spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) is the only species outside the primate order to exhibit menses. There are few widely accepted theories on why menstruation developed as the preferred reproductive strategy of these select mammals, all of which reference the evolution of spontaneous decidualisation prior to menstrual shedding. Though menstruating species share several reproductive traits, there has been no identifiable feature unique to menstruating species. Such a feature might suggest why spontaneous decidualisation, and thus menstruation, evolved in these species. We propose that a ≥3-fold increase in progesterone during the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle is a unique characteristic linking menstruating species. We discuss spontaneous decidualisation as a consequence of high progesterone, and the potential role of prolactin in screening for defective embryos in these species to aid in minimising implantation of abnormal embryos. We further explore the possible impact of nutrition in selecting species to undergo spontaneous decidualisation and subsequent menstruation. We summarise the current knowledge of menstruation, discuss current pre-clinical models of menstruation and how the spiny mouse may benefit advancing our understanding of this rare biological phenomenon.

scholarly journals The emerging role of C/EBPs in glucocorticoid signaling: lessons from the lung

2011 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham B Roos ◽  
Magnus Nord
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Steroid Resistance ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Glucocorticoid Signaling ◽  
Enhancer Binding Protein

Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been successfully used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases for decades. However, there is a relative GC resistance in several inflammatory lung disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but still the mechanism(s) behind this unresponsiveness remains unknown. Interaction between transcription factors and the GC receptor contribute to GC effects but may also provide mechanisms explaining steroid resistance. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factors are important regulators of pulmonary gene expression and have been implicated in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and COPD. In addition, several studies have indicated a role for C/EBPs in mediating GC effects. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms of GC action as well as the function of the lung-enriched members of the C/EBP transcription factor family. We also summarize the current knowledge of the role of C/EBP transcription factors in mediating the effects of GCs, with emphasis on pulmonary effects, and their potential role in mediating GC resistance.

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