scholarly journals Sex Differences in Brain Injury and Repair in Newborn Infants: Clinical Evidence and Biological Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted S. Rosenkrantz ◽  
Zeenat Hussain ◽  
Roslyn Holly Fitch
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Injury And Repair

Inflammation and the Link to Vascular Brain Health: Timing Is Brain

Stroke ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine T. Mun ◽  
Jason D. Hinman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Brain Targeting ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Cerebrovascular Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
New Evidence

Inflammation and its myriad pathways are now recognized to play both causal and consequential roles in vascular brain health. From acting as a trigger for vascular brain injury, as evidenced by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, to steadily increasing the risk for chronic cerebrovascular disease, distinct inflammatory cascades play differential roles in varying states of cerebrovascular injury. New evidence is regularly emerging that characterizes the role of specific inflammatory pathways in these varying states including those at risk for stroke and chronic cerebrovascular injury as well as during the acute, subacute, and repair phases of stroke. Here, we aim to highlight recent basic science and clinical evidence for many distinct inflammatory cascades active in these varying states of cerebrovascular injury. The role of cerebrovascular infections, spotlighted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, and its association with increased stroke risk is also reviewed. Rather than converging on a shared mechanism, these emerging studies implicate varied and distinct inflammatory processes in vascular brain injury and repair. Recognition of the phasic nature of inflammatory cascades on varying states of cerebrovascular disease is likely essential to the development and implementation of an anti-inflammatory strategy in the prevention, treatment, and repair of vascular brain injury. Although advances in revascularization have taught us that time is brain, targeting inflammation for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease will undoubtedly show us that timing is brain.

scholarly journals Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Pharmacological Treatment of Brain Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Stein ◽  
Marylou M. Glasier ◽  
Stuart W. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
The Brain

It is only within the last ten years that research on treatment for central nervous system (CNS) recovery after injury has become more focused on the complexities involved in promoting recovery from brain injury when the CNS is viewed as an integrated and dynamic system. There have been major advances in research in recovery over the last decade, including new information on the mechanics and genetics of metabolism and chemical activity, the definition of excitotoxic effects and the discovery that the brain itself secretes complex proteins, peptides and hormones which are capable of directly stimulating the repair of damaged neurons or blocking some of the degenerative processes caused by the injury cascade. Many of these agents, plus other nontoxic naturally occurring substances, are being tested as treatment for brain injury. Further work is needed to determine appropriate combinations of treatments and optimum times of administration with respect to the time course of the CNS disorder. In order to understand the mechanisms that mediate traumatic brain injury and repair, there must be a merging of findings from neurochemical studies with data from intensive behavioral testing.

scholarly journals Using the Olfactory System as an In Vivo Model To Study Traumatic Brain Injury and Repair

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (14) ◽  
pp. 1277-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Steuer ◽  
Michele L. Schaefer ◽  
Leonardo Belluscio
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Injury And Repair

Sex and Cardiovascular Function in Relation to Vascular Brain Injury in Patients with Cognitive Complaints

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sanne Kuipers ◽  
Geert Jan Biessels ◽  
Jacoba P. Greving ◽  
Raquel P. Amier ◽  
Jeroen de Bresser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cognitive Complaints ◽  
Lacunar Infarcts ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Lv Mass

Background: Emerging evidence shows sex differences in manifestations of vascular brain injury in memory clinic patients. We hypothesize that this is explained by sex differences in cardiovascular function. Objective: To assess the relation between sex and manifestations of vascular brain injury in patients with cognitive complaints, in interaction with cardiovascular function. Methods: 160 outpatient clinic patients (68.8±8.5 years, 38% female) with cognitive complaints and vascular brain injury from the Heart-Brain Connection study underwent a standardized work-up, including heart-brain MRI. We calculated sex differences in vascular brain injury (lacunar infarcts, non-lacunar infarcts, white matter hyperintensities [WMHs], and microbleeds) and cardiovascular function (arterial stiffness, cardiac index, left ventricular [LV] mass index, LV mass-to-volume ratio and cerebral blood flow). In separate regression models, we analyzed the interaction effect between sex and cardiovascular function markers on manifestations of vascular brain injury with interaction terms (sex*cardiovascular function marker). Results: Males had more infarcts, whereas females tended to have larger WMH-volumes. Males had higher LV mass indexes and LV mass-to-volume ratios and lower CBF values compared to females. Yet, we found no interaction effect between sex and individual cardiovascular function markers in relation to the different manifestations of vascular brain injury (p-values interaction terms > 0.05). Conclusion: Manifestations of vascular brain injury in patients with cognitive complaints differed by sex. There was no interaction between sex and cardiovascular function, warranting further studies to explain the observed sex differences in injury patterns.

scholarly journals Traumatic brain injury among female veterans: a review of sex differences in military neurosurgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. E16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily H. Kim ◽  
Jennifer L. Quon ◽  
Felicia W. Sun ◽  
Kristen M. Wortman ◽  
Maheen M. Adamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Veterans ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact

The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been demonstrated in various studies with respect to prevalence, morbidity, and mortality data. Many of the patients burdened with long-term sequelae of TBI are veterans. Although fewer in number, female veterans with TBI have been suggested to suffer from unique physical, mental, and social challenges. However, there remains a significant knowledge gap in the sex differences in TBI. Increased female representation in the military heralds an increased risk of TBI for female soldiers, and medical professionals must be prepared to address the unique health challenges in the face of changing demographics among the veteran TBI population. In this review, the authors aimed to present the current understanding of sex differences in TBI in the veteran population and suggest directions for future investigations.

Abstract T P210: Splenectomy Attenuates Sex Differences in Infarct Volume Following Experimental Stroke in Mice

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianming Wang ◽  
Sheetal Bodhankar ◽  
Halina Offner ◽  
Stephanie J Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Experimental Stroke ◽  
Ischemic Brain Injury ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice

It is now increasingly clear that human stroke can have other serious consequences besides brain damage that can impact on patient survival and recovery. For example, many stroke patients succumb to CNS injury-induced immunodepression and fatal infections. Our prior work suggests that evolving cerebral ischemic injury elicits a cycle of injury from brain-to-spleen-to-brain that is strongly influenced by sex. We determined if splenic immunocytes are important in contributing to sex differences in post-ischemic brain injury. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were splenectomized 14 days before experimental stroke. Male and female mice with or without splenectomy (n=9-10 per group) then underwent 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) via intraluminal filament. Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to monitor cortical perfusion. All mice were euthanized and brains collected at 96 hours of reperfusion. Infarct volume (% corrected contralateral structure) was determined by image analysis of coronal brain slices stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), blood gases (pH, P a O 2 , P a CO 2 ), and blood glucose were measured at 30 min MCAO and at 15 min of reperfusion in separate groups of male and female mice with or without splenectomy (n=5 per group). Relative LDF changes (% baseline), MABP, blood gases, and blood glucose during and after MCAO were comparable among the experimental groups. We observed that infarct volume in females (cortex, 41±4%; striatum, 55±6%) was smaller ( P <0.05) compared to males (cortex, 52±3%; striatum, 75±3%) at 96 hours of reperfusion. However, no differences (cortex, P =0.313; striatum, P =0.601) in infarct volume were seen between splenectomized male (cortex, 43±4%; striatum, 51±7%) and female (cortex, 38±4%; striatum, 46±5%) mice. Our data suggest that removal of all splenocyte lineages via splenectomy attenuates sex differences in post-ischemic brain injury. Future studies will evaluate the role of different splenic immunocyte subsets, such as T or B lymphocytes, on male vs. female ischemic brain outcomes. This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant NS076013.

Correlation Between Telomere Attrition of Zona Fasciculata and Adrenal Weight Reduction in Older Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. e200-e210
Author(s):  
K Nonaka ◽  
Junko Aida ◽  
Kaiyo Takubo ◽  
Yuto Yamazaki ◽  
Xin Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Telomere Attrition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Context Although numerous theories are reported on sex differences in longevity, the underlying biological mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported that telomere length in the zona reticularis cells of the human adrenal cortex was significantly longer in older than that in younger subjects. However, we could not evaluate sex differences in the telomere lengths. Objective To compare the telomere lengths of adrenocortical and adrenal medullar cells between men and women from infancy through older adulthood. Methods Adrenal glands of 30 male (aged 0 to 100 years) and 25 female (aged 0 to 104 years) autopsied subjects were retrieved from autopsy files. Using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, relative telomere lengths were determined in the parenchymal cells of the 3 adrenocortical zones and medulla. Age-related changes in the weight of adrenal glands were also investigated. Main results Older male subjects (aged 65 years or older) had significantly shorter telomere lengths in zona fasciculata (ZF) cells compared to the corresponding female subjects. In men, older subjects exhibited a significant age-related reduction in adrenal weight; however, no age-related changes in adrenal weight were detected in women. Conclusion Telomere attrition of ZF cells was correlated with adrenal weight reduction in older men but not in older women, suggesting a decreased number of ZF cells in older men. This may help us understand the possible biological mechanisms of sex difference in longevity of humans.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Outcome after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Bazarian ◽  
Brian Blyth ◽  
Sohug Mookerjee ◽  
Hua He ◽  
Michael P. McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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