scholarly journals The sensory channel of presentation alters subjective ratings and autonomic responses toward disgusting stimuli—Blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance in response to visual, auditory, haptic and olfactory presented disgusting stimuli

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Croy ◽  
Kerstin Laqua ◽  
Frank Süß ◽  
Peter Joraschky ◽  
Tjalf Ziemssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Sensory Channel

Age dependency of cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt in healthy subjects

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 2333-2340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomi Laitinen ◽  
Leo Niskanen ◽  
Ghislaine Geelen ◽  
Esko Länsimies ◽  
Juha Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Head Up Tilt

In elderly subjects, heart rate responses to postural change are attenuated, whereas their vascular responses are augmented. Altered strategy in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis during upright position may result from various cardiovascular changes, including age-related cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. This exploratory study was conducted to evaluate impact of age on cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt (HUT) in healthy subjects covering a wide age range. The study population consisted of 63 healthy, normal-weight, nonsmoking subjects aged 23–77 yr. Five-minute electrocardiogram and finger blood pressure recordings were performed in the supine position and in the upright position 5 min after 70° HUT. Stroke volume was assessed from noninvasive blood pressure signals by the arterial pulse contour method. Heart rate variability (HRV) and systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) were analyzed by using spectral analysis, and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was assessed by using sequence and cross-spectral methods. Cardiovascular autonomic activation during HUT consisted of decreases in HRV and BRS and an increase in SBPV. These changes became attenuated with aging. Age correlated significantly with amplitude of HUT-stimulated response of the high-frequency component ( r = -0.61, P < 0.001) and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV ( r = -0.31, P < 0.05) and indexes of BRS (local BRS: r = -0.62, P < 0.001; cross-spectral baroreflex sensitivity in the low-frequency range: r = -0.38, P < 0.01). Blood pressure in the upright position was maintained well irrespective of age. However, the HUT-induced increase in heart rate was more pronounced in the younger subjects, whereas the increase in peripheral resistance was predominantly observed in the older subjects. Thus it is likely that whereas the dynamic capacity of cardiac autonomic regulation decreases, vascular responses related to vasoactive mechanisms and vascular sympathetic regulation become augmented with increasing age.

A genetic polymorphism of the α2-adrenergic receptor increases autonomic responses to stress

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 2231-2239 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Clayton Finley ◽  
Michael O'Leary ◽  
Derin Wester ◽  
Steven MacKenzie ◽  
Neil Shepard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Sweat Sodium

We hypothesized that individual differences in autonomic responses to psychological, physiological, or environmental stresses are inherited, and exaggerated autonomic responsiveness may represent an intermediate phenotype that can contribute to the development of essential hypertension in humans over time. α2-Adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs), encoded by a gene on chromosome 10, are found in the central nervous system and also mediate release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic nerve terminals of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and the exocytosis of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. We postulated that, because this receptor mediates central and peripheral autonomic responsiveness to stress, genetic mutations in the gene encoding this receptor may explain contrasting activity of the autonomic nervous system among individuals. The restriction enzyme Dra I identifies a polymorphic site in the 3′-transcribed, but not translated, portion of the gene encoding the chromosome 10 α2-AR. Southern blotting of genomic DNA with a cDNA probe after restriction enzyme digestion results in fragments that are either 6.7 kb or 6.3 kb in size. Transfection studies of these two genotypes resulted in contrasting expression of a reporter gene, and it is suggested from these findings that this is a functional polymorphism. In a study of 194 healthy subjects, we measured autonomic responses to provocative motion, a fall in blood pressure induced by decreasing venous return and cardiac output, or exercise. Specifically, we measured reactions to 1) Coriolis stress, a strong stimulus that induces motion sickness in man; 2) heart rate responses to the fall in blood pressure induced by the application of graded lower body negative pressure; and 3) exercise-induced sweat secretion. In all of these paradigms of stress, subjective and objective evidence of increased autonomic responsiveness was found in those individuals harboring the 6.3-kb allele. Specifically, volunteers with the 6.3-kb allele had greater signs and symptoms of motion sickness mediated by the autonomic nervous system after off-axis rotation at increasing velocity (number of head movements a subject could complete during rotation before emesis ± SE: 295 ± 18 vs. 365 ± 11; P = 0.001). They also had greater increases in heart rate in responses to the lower body negative pressure-induced fall in blood pressure (increase in heart rate ± SE: 3.0 ± 0.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.3; P = 0.012), and the 6.3-kb group had higher sweat sodium concentrations during exercise (mean sweat sodium concentration in meq/l over 30 min of exercise ± SE: 43.2 ± 7.1 vs. 27.6 ± 3.4; P < 0.05). This single-nucleotide polymorphism may contribute to contrasting individual differences in autonomic responsiveness among healthy individuals.

scholarly journals Subjective and Psychophysiological Indexes of Listening Effort in a Competing-Talker Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Mackersie ◽  
Heather Cones
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Task Demand ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Listening Effort ◽  
Psychophysiological Responses ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Psychophysiological Measures

Background: The effects of noise and other competing backgrounds on speech recognition performance are well documented. There is less information, however, on listening effort and stress experienced by listeners during a speech-recognition task that requires inhibition of competing sounds. Purpose: The purpose was (a) to determine if psychophysiological indexes of listening effort were more sensitive than performance measures (percentage correct) obtained near ceiling level during a competing speech task, (b) to determine the relative sensitivity of four psychophysiological measures to changes in task demand, and (c) to determine the relationships between changes in psychophysiological measures and changes in subjective ratings of stress and workload. Research Design: A repeated-measures experimental design was used to examine changes in performance, psychophysiological measures, and subjective ratings in response to increasing task demand. Study Sample: Fifteen adults with normal hearing participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 27 (range: 24–54). Data Collection and Analysis: Psychophysiological recordings of heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, and electromyographic (EMG) activity were obtained during listening tasks of varying demand. Materials from the Dichotic Digits Test were used to modulate task demand. The three levels of task demand were single digits presented to one ear (low-demand reference condition), single digits presented simultaneously to both ears (medium demand), and a series of two digits presented simultaneously to both ears (high demand). Participants were asked to repeat all the digits they heard, while psychophysiological activity was recorded simultaneously. Subjective ratings of task load were obtained after each condition using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index questionnaire. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were completed for each measure using task demand and session as factors. Results: Mean performance was higher than 96% for all listening tasks. There was no significant change in performance across listening conditions for any listener. There was, however, a significant increase in mean skin conductance and EMG activity as task demand increased. Heart rate and skin temperature did not change significantly. There was no strong association between subjective and psychophysiological measures, but all participants with mean normalized effort ratings of greater than 4.5 (i.e., effort increased by a factor of at least 4.5) showed significant changes in skin conductance. Conclusions: Even in the absence of substantial performance changes, listeners may experience changes in subjective and psychophysiological responses consistent with the activation of a stress response. Skin conductance appears to be the most promising measure for evaluating individual changes in psychophysiological responses during listening tasks.

Autonomic responses to heat pain: Heart rate, skin conductance, and their relation to verbal ratings and stimulus intensity

Pain ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco L. Loggia ◽  
Mylène Juneau ◽  
Catherine M. Bushnell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Heat Pain ◽  
Autonomic Responses

Autonomic Nervous System Responses during Sedative Infusions of Dexmedetomidine

2002 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Hogue ◽  
Pekka Talke ◽  
Phyllis K. Stein ◽  
Charles Richardson ◽  
Peter P. Domitrovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Sweating Threshold ◽  
Dexmedetomidine Infusion

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dexmedetomidine on systemic and cardiac autonomic reflex responses during rest and during thermal stress. Methods Volunteers received either placebo or low- or high-dose dexmedetomidine (target plasma concentrations 0.3 or 0.6 ng/ml, respectively) infusions in a prospectively randomized, double-blinded crossover study design. After 1 h, baroreflex sensitivity was assessed, and then core body temperature was raised to the sweating threshold and then lowered to the shivering threshold. Plasma catecholamines and blood pressure were measured, and cardiac autonomic responses were assessed by analysis of heart rate variability. Results Compared with placebo, plasma norepinephrine concentrations, blood pressure, heart rate, and some heart rate variability measures were lower after 1-h infusion of dexmedetomidine, but baroreflex responses did not differ significantly. Dexmedetomidine blunted the systemic and cardiac sympathetic effects of sweating observed during placebo infusion but had no effect on parasympathetic measures. Increases in blood pressure, and systemic catecholamines due to shivering were observed during placebo and dexmedetomidine, but these responses were less with dexmedetomidine. During shivering, dexmedetomidine infusion was associated with higher low-frequency and high-frequency heart rate variability power but lower heart rate compared with the sweating threshold and with the control period, suggesting nonreciprocal cardiac autonomic responses. Conclusions Infusion of dexmedetomidine results in compensated reductions in systemic sympathetic tone without changes in baroreflex sensitivity. Dexmedetomidine blunts heart rate and the systemic sympathetic activation due to sweating, but it is less effective in blunting cardiac sympathetic responses to shivering. During dexmedetomidine infusion, cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic tone may have nonreciprocal changes during shivering.

scholarly journals Acute effects of different static stretching exercises orders on cardiovascular and autonomic responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Costa e Silva ◽  
Pablo B. Costa ◽  
Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição ◽  
Leonardo Pimenta ◽  
Roberto L. de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Stretching Exercises

Abstract The present study examined the acute effects of static stretching (SS) exercise order on cardiac responses. Seventeen individuals were submitted to two experimental SS session: Order “A” (larger to small muscles groups) and Order “B” (small to larger muscles groups). Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rate-pressure product (RPP) oxygen saturation (SpO2), and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured at rest, midpoint of the session, immediately after the session, and in 5, 10, and 20 minutes after. SS increased HR and RPP in both orders, while reducing the rMSSD index and SpO2. In the order “A”, the SBP and DBP increased at the midpoint of the session. In the order “B”, the SBP and DBP increased only immediately after the end of the session. DBP and RPP significantly higher in order “A” compared to order “B” in the midpoint of the session. It was also demonstrated higher values of DBP and minor mean R-R intervals in order “B” at 10 min-post session. SS increased cardiac overload in both performed orders. The overload generated by the SS of the larger muscles groups was greater when compared to the smaller muscles groups, suggesting that the exercise order interferes in cardiac overload.

Physiological and Musico-Acoustic Correlates of the Chill Response

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Guhn ◽  
Alfons Hamm ◽  
Marcel Zentner
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Similar Dynamic

LISTENING TO MUSIC OFTEN EVOKES affective states that are accompanied by distinctive subjective experiences and specific physiological changes. In this study, we examined the phenomenon of chills and its concomitant physiological reactions. In a preliminary study, experimenter-selected music excerpts were played to 27 participants, and musical passages especially apt toelicit chill experiences were identified on the basis of subjective ratings. In a subsequent study with 27 new participants, subjective chill experiences and physiological responses were recorded in real time. The highest numbers of chills were experienced during musical passages characterized by similar dynamic, harmonic, and structural characteristics, which coincided with distinct patterns of heart rate and skin conductance increases. For participants experiencing a chill during these passages, increases in skin conductance were significantly larger than for participants without chills. The heart rate response did not differ between groups.

Levels of Sustainable Aerobic Workload in Dialysis Patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Capodaglio ◽  
G. Villa ◽  
D. Jurisic ◽  
A. Salvadeo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Chronic Hemodialysis ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Starting Point

The aerobic performance of a heterogeneous group of 89 ambulatory medically stable patients on chronic hemodialysis was studied to define individual levels of the most acceptable metabolic workload. The patients performed a step test protocol (3 steps) with a cycle ergometer. Each step (25 Watt) lasted 6 min. Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure (BP) and subjective ratings of dyspnea (CRd) and fatigue (CRf) levels were monitored throughout the test. The test was continued to exhaustion or to values of systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) >240 mmHg, heart rate (HR) ≥ 85% max, or ST changes in ECG. In eleven patients (12.5% of the whole group) the test was interrupted within the first two minutes of exercise. In the remaining 78 patients, the maximum workload sustained for at least 3 min (MSW) was 25 Watts for 43 (48.5%), 50 Watts for 27 (30%), and 75 Watts for 8 (9%) patients. Performance was affected in a statistically significant manner by the subjects’ anagraphic age, but not by their dialytic age, hemoglobin (Hb) level or weight. Individual levels of tolerable workload were estimated for 60% of the group from the stability of physiological variables during 3 min, and from subjective ratings at a “moderate” level. This level corresponded to an average of 3.5±0.9 METs, at 60% of the HRmax, with a mean BP of 167±21/98±14 mmHg. This could become a safe starting point for a program of physical retraining.

scholarly journals Empathy and autonomic and hemodynamic cardiac responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Rodrigues Sampaio ◽  
Alfredo Anderson Teixeira-Araújo ◽  
Glaycianny Pires Alves Lira ◽  
Sérgio Rodrigues Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Vicarious Experiences

Abstract Hemodynamic and autonomic responses have been used as sensitive indicators of cardiovascular health in situations involving emotions. However, few studies evaluated these indicators when feelings result from vicarious experiences. This research aimed to verify if empathy measures would be associated with variations in blood pressure, heart rate, rate pressure product, and heart rate variability in young adults, after exposure to experimental situations. Results point out that hemodynamic and autonomic cardiac indicators were associated with dispositional and situational empathy. These results are discussed based on Martin Hoffman's theory and in the light of recent findings in the field of Psychophysiology.

scholarly journals Respuesta aguda del ejercicio resistido dinámico e isométrico en variables hemodinámicas y autonómicas cardíacas

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (Avance Online) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Seiji Numata-Filho ◽  
Flavio de Souza Araujo ◽  
Sérgio Rodriguez Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Hemodynamic Response ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Subsequent Calculation ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar respostas hemodinâmicas e autonômicas cardíacas após sessões agudas de exercício resistido dinâmico e isométrico. Método: Após familiarização às sessões experimentais e teste de uma repetição máxima, 12 homens (idade: 49.0±6.4 anos) sem o uso de medicamentos e experiência em exercício resistido foram randomizados de forma cruzada à duas sessões experimentais de exercício resistido dinâmico e isométrico realizados compostos por um circuito de seis exercícios alternados por segmento corporal e à uma intensidade de 60% de uma repetição máxima. Aos momentos de repouso e recuperação foram mensuradas a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica e registrado os intervalos R-R com posterior cálculo de índices da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas respostas pressóricas entre as sessões experimentais. O duplo produto se recuperou para valores basais aos 25min da recuperação em ambas as sessões. A frequência cardíaca permaneceu mais elevada durante momentos da recuperação na sessão dinâmico, ao passo que a sessão isométrica recuperou menos batimentos cardíacos para essa mesma variável. Adicionalmente, o balanço simpato-vagal permaneceu elevado e indicadores parassimpáticos diminuídos, em relação ao repouso, após sessão isométrica. Conclusão: Não ocorreram diferenças nas respostas hemodinâmicas entre as sessões de exercício resistido. Por outro lado, demonstrou-se diferentes recuperações para a frequência cardíaca variáveis autonômicas após as sessões experimentais. Resumen Objetivo: Comparar respuestas hemodinámicas y autonómicas cardíacas después de sesiones agudas de ejercicio resistido dinámico e isométrico. Método: Después de familiarización en las sesiones experimentales y prueba de una repetición máxima, 12 hombres (edad: 49.0±6.4 años) sin el uso de medicamentos y experiencia en ejercicio resistido fueron randomizados de forma cruzada a dos sesiones experimentales de ejercicio resistido dinámico y isométricos compuestos por un circuito de seis ejercicios alternados por segmento corporal con una intensidad del 60% de una repetición máxima. Durante los momentos de reposo y recuperación se midieron la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y se registraron los intervalos R-R con posterior cálculo de índices de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las respuestas de presión arterial entre las sesiones experimentales. El doble producto se recuperó a valores basales a los 25min de la recuperación en ambas sesiones. La frecuencia cardiaca permaneció más elevada durante momentos de recuperación en la sesión dinámica, mientras que la sesión isométrica recuperó menos latidos cardíacos para esa misma variable. Todavía, el balance simpático-vagal permaneció elevado e indicadores parasimpáticos disminuidos, en relación al reposo, después de la sesión isométrica. Conclusión: No ocurrieron diferencias en las respuestas hemodinámicas entre las sesiones de ejercicio. Sin embargo, se demostró diferentes recuperaciones entre las variables autonómicas después de las sesiones experimentales. Abstract Objective: To compare hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic responses after acute sessions of dynamic and isometric resistance exercise. Methods: After familiarization with the experimental sessions and maximal repetition test, 12 men (age: 49.0±6.4 years) without medication and experience in resistance exercise were cross-randomized in two experimental sessions of dynamic and isometric resistance exercise composed by a circuit with six alternating exercises per corporal segment and at intensities of 60% of a one maximum repetition. At rest and recovery moments, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured and R-R intervals were recorded with subsequent calculation of heart rate variability indexes. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in blood pressure responses between experimental sessions. The rate pressure product recovered to baseline at 25 min of recovery in both sessions. The heart rate remained higher during moments of recovery in the dynamic session, while the isometric session recovered fewer heart beats for that same variable. In addition, the sympatho-vagal balance remained high and the parasympathetic indicators decreased in relation to rest after an isometric session. Conclusion: There were no differences in hemodynamic response between resistance exercise sessions. Otherwise, different recoveries between the autonomic variables after the experimental sessions are demostrated.

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