Dynamic social power modulates neural basis of math calculation

Absence of visual experience modifies the neural basis of numerical thinking

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1524982113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (40) ◽

pp. 11172-11177 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Shipra Kanjlia ◽

Connor Lane ◽

Lisa Feigenson ◽

Marina Bedny

Keyword(s):

Sentence Comprehension ◽

Visual Experience ◽

Numerical Cognition ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Frontoparietal Network ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽

Congenitally Blind ◽

Visual Cortices ◽

Math Calculation ◽

Blind Individuals

In humans, the ability to reason about mathematical quantities depends on a frontoparietal network that includes the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). How do nature and nurture give rise to the neurobiology of numerical cognition? We asked how visual experience shapes the neural basis of numerical thinking by studying numerical cognition in congenitally blind individuals. Blind (n = 17) and blindfolded sighted (n = 19) participants solved math equations that varied in difficulty (e.g., 27 − 12 = x vs. 7 − 2 = x), and performed a control sentence comprehension task while undergoing fMRI. Whole-cortex analyses revealed that in both blind and sighted participants, the IPS and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices were more active during the math task than the language task, and activity in the IPS increased parametrically with equation difficulty. Thus, the classic frontoparietal number network is preserved in the total absence of visual experience. However, surprisingly, blind but not sighted individuals additionally recruited a subset of early visual areas during symbolic math calculation. The functional profile of these “visual” regions was identical to that of the IPS in blind but not sighted individuals. Furthermore, in blindness, number-responsive visual cortices exhibited increased functional connectivity with prefrontal and IPS regions that process numbers. We conclude that the frontoparietal number network develops independently of visual experience. In blindness, this number network colonizes parts of deafferented visual cortex. These results suggest that human cortex is highly functionally flexible early in life, and point to frontoparietal input as a mechanism of cross-modal plasticity in blindness.

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Business: Conceptualizations of Organizational Change Viewed Through the Lens of Power: A Tutorial for the Speech-Language Pathologist/Audiologist Administrator

Perspectives on Administration and Supervision ◽

10.1044/aas21.1.9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 9-17

Author(s):

Patrick R. Walden

Keyword(s):

Organizational Change ◽

Health Care Organizations ◽

Social Power ◽

Social Systems ◽

Front Line ◽

Organization Level ◽

Speech Language Pathologist ◽

Constant State ◽

Theories Of Change ◽

Or Organization

Both educational and health care organizations are in a constant state of change, whether triggered by national, regional, local, or organization-level policy. The speech-language pathologist/audiologist-administrator who aids in the planning and implementation of these changes, however, may not be familiar with the expansive literature on change in organizations. Further, how organizational change is planned and implemented is likely affected by leaders' and administrators' personal conceptualizations of social power, which may affect how front line clinicians experience organizational change processes. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to introduce the speech-language pathologist/audiologist-administrator to a research-based classification system for theories of change and to review the concept of power in social systems. Two prominent approaches to change in organizations are reviewed and then discussed as they relate to one another as well as to social conceptualizations of power.

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Neural Basis of Motor Control

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30549-7 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 615-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Thach

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Neural Basis

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Neural Basis of Semantic Memory

10.1017/cbo9780511544965 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Keyword(s):

Semantic Memory ◽

Neural Basis

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Emotional Reactivity to Visual Content as Revealed by ERP Component Clustering

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000145 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 135-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Miroslaw Wyczesany ◽

Szczepan J. Grzybowski ◽

Jan Kaiser

Keyword(s):

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Affective State ◽

Occipital Lobe ◽

Stimulus Onset ◽

Emotional States ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Temporoparietal Junction ◽

The Right ◽

The Impact

Abstract. In the study, the neural basis of emotional reactivity was investigated. Reactivity was operationalized as the impact of emotional pictures on the self-reported ongoing affective state. It was used to divide the subjects into high- and low-responders groups. Independent sources of brain activity were identified, localized with the DIPFIT method, and clustered across subjects to analyse the visual evoked potentials to affective pictures. Four of the identified clusters revealed effects of reactivity. The earliest two started about 120 ms from the stimulus onset and were located in the occipital lobe and the right temporoparietal junction. Another two with a latency of 200 ms were found in the orbitofrontal and the right dorsolateral cortices. Additionally, differences in pre-stimulus alpha level over the visual cortex were observed between the groups. The attentional modulation of perceptual processes is proposed as an early source of emotional reactivity, which forms an automatic mechanism of affective control. The role of top-down processes in affective appraisal and, finally, the experience of ongoing emotional states is also discussed.

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