scholarly journals Application of CRISPR/Cas for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Diseases of Banana

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Tripathi ◽  
Valentine Otang Ntui ◽  
Jaindra Nath Tripathi ◽  
P. Lava Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Negative Impacts

Viral diseases are significant biotic constraints for banana (Musa spp.) production as they affect the yield and limit the international movement of germplasm. Among all the viruses known to infect banana, the banana bunchy top virus and banana streak viruses are widespread and economically damaging. The use of virus-resistant bananas is the most cost-effective option to minimize the negative impacts of viral-diseases on banana production. CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing is emerging as the most powerful tool for developing virus-resistant crop varieties in several crops, including the banana. The availability of a vigorous genetic transformation and regeneration system and a well-annotated whole-genome sequence of banana makes it a compelling candidate for genome editing. A robust CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing of the banana has recently been established, which can be applied in developing disease-resistant varieties. Recently, the CRISPR system was exploited to detect target gene sequences using Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 enzymes, thereby unveiling the use of this technology for virus diagnosis. This article presents a synopsis of recent advancements and perspectives on the application of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing for diagnosing and developing resistance against banana viruses and challenges in genome-editing of banana.

scholarly journals Genome Editing in Cereals: Approaches, Applications and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waquar A. Ansari ◽  
Sonali U. Chandanshive ◽  
Vacha Bhatt ◽  
Altafhusain B. Nadaf ◽  
Sanskriti Vats ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
World Population ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Current Scenario

Over the past decades, numerous efforts were made towards the improvement of cereal crops mostly employing traditional or molecular breeding approaches. The current scenario made it possible to efficiently explore molecular understanding by targeting different genes to achieve desirable plants. To provide guaranteed food security for the rising world population particularly under vulnerable climatic condition, development of high yielding stress tolerant crops is needed. In this regard, technologies upgradation in the field of genome editing looks promising. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a rapidly growing genome editing technique being effectively applied in different organisms, that includes both model and crop plants. In recent times CRISPR/Cas9 is being considered as a technology which revolutionized fundamental as well as applied research in plant breeding. Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully demonstrated in many cereal crops including rice, wheat, maize, and barley. Availability of whole genome sequence information for number of crops along with the advancement in genome-editing techniques provides several possibilities to achieve desirable traits. In this review, the options available for crop improvement by implementing CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-editing techniques with special emphasis on cereal crops have been summarized. Recent advances providing opportunities to simultaneously edit many target genes were also discussed. The review also addressed recent advancements enabling precise base editing and gene expression modifications. In addition, the article also highlighted limitations such as transformation efficiency, specific promoters and most importantly the ethical and regulatory issues related to commercial release of novel crop varieties developed through genome editing.

scholarly journals ANN-Based Decision Making in Station Keeping for Geotechnical Drilling Vessel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Murugan Ramasamy ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Hannan ◽  
Yaseen Adnan Ahmed ◽  
Arun Kr Dev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

Offshore vessels (OVs) often require precise station-keeping and some vessels, for example, vessels involved in geotechnical drilling, generally use Spread Mooring (SM) or Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems. Most of these vessels are equipped with both systems to cover all ranges of water depths. However, determining which system to use for a particular operational scenario depends on many factors and requires significant balancing in terms of cost-benefit. Therefore, this research aims to develop a platform that will determine the cost factors for both the SM and DP station-keeping systems. Operational information and cost data are collected for several field operations, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are trained using those data samples. After that, the trained ANN is used to predict the components of cost for any given environmental situation, fieldwork duration and water depth. Later, the total cost is investigated against water depth for both DP and SM systems to determine the most cost-effective option. The results are validated using two operational scenarios for a specific geotechnical vessel. This decision-making algorithm can be further developed by adding up more operational data for various vessels and can be applied in the development of sustainable decision-making business models for OVs operators.

scholarly journals Damping Pressure Pulsations in a Wave-Powered Desalination System

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon J. Hopkins ◽  
Nikhil Padhye ◽  
Alison Greenlee ◽  
James Torres ◽  
Levon Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Pressure Pulsations ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Elastic Pipes

Wave-driven reverse osmosis desalination systems can be a cost-effective option for providing a safe and reliable source of drinking water for large coastal communities. Such systems usually require the stabilization of pulsating pressures for desalination purposes. The key challenge is to convert a fluctuating pressure flow into a constant pressure flow. To address this task, stub-filters, accumulators, and radially elastic-pipes are considered for smoothing the pressure fluctuations in the flow. An analytical model for fluidic capacitance of accumulators and elastic pipes are derived and verified. Commercially available accumulators in combination with essentially rigid (and low cost) piping are found to be a cost-effective solution for this application, and a model for selecting accumulators with the required fluidic-capacitance for the intended system is thus presented.

scholarly journals Countermeasures against Static Power Attacks

2021 ◽  
pp. 780-805
Author(s):  
Thorben Moos ◽  
Amir Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Process Variations ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Standard Cell ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Cell Library ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Static Power ◽  
Power Attacks

In recent years it has been demonstrated convincingly that the standby power of a CMOS chip reveals information about the internally stored and processed data. Thus, for adversaries who seek to extract secrets from cryptographic devices via side-channel analysis, the static power has become an attractive quantity to obtain. Most works have focused on the destructive side of this subject by demonstrating attacks. In this work, we examine potential solutions to protect circuits from silently leaking sensitive information during idle times. We focus on countermeasures that can be implemented using any common digital standard cell library and do not consider solutions that require full-custom or analog design flow. In particular, we evaluate and compare a set of five distinct standard-cell-based hiding countermeasures, including both, randomization and equalization techniques. We then combine the hiding countermeasures with state-of-the-art hardware masking in order to amplify the noise level and achieve a high resistance against attacks. An important part of our contribution is the proposal and evaluation of the first ever standard-cell-based balancing scheme which achieves perfect data-independence on paper, i.e., in absence of intra-die process variations and aging effects. We call our new countermeasure Exhaustive Logic Balancing (ELB). While this scheme, applied to a threshold implementation, provides the highest level of resistance in our experiments, it may not be the most cost effective option due to the significant resource overhead associated. All evaluated countermeasures and combinations thereof are applied to a serialized hardware implementation of the PRESENT block cipher and realized as cryptographic co-processors on a 28nm CMOS ASIC prototype. Our experimental results are obtained through real-silicon measurements of a fabricated die of the ASIC in a temperature-controlled environment using a source measure unit (SMU). We believe that our elaborate comparison serves as a useful guideline for hardware designers to find a proper tradeoff between security and cost for almost any application.

scholarly journals Copper accumulation by the root and leaf biomass of Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Salviniaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Larissa Braun de Souza ◽  
Franciele de Freitas ◽  
Sabrine Lunardi ◽  
Janaina Saiz Cassins Von der Osten ◽  
Rafael Arruda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Salvinia Natans ◽  
Cu Ions

Aquatic plants are often exposed to metal contamination. The study evaluated the bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) ions in aqueous solution by the biomass of leaves and roots of the macrophyte Salvinia natans. Plants of S. natans were submitted to culture solutions with different concentrations of Cu ions, evaluated at intervals of seven days. The leaf and root samples were separately subjected to atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame atomization to assess the concentration of copper accumulated in its biomass. The results demonstrated a pattern of accumulation dependent on the concentration of the metal in the culture medium and the time of exposure of the plants to the contamination. The accumulation was greater in the biomass of the roots when compared to the leaves. Throughout the experiment, toxicity symptoms were observed in the morphology of plants subjected to all copper concentrations, demonstrating the macrophyte's viability for bioindicating the toxicity of this metal in aquatic environments. A high accumulation of copper ions was obtained both in the biomass of the roots and leaves of the plants, confirming their potential bioaccumulator of Cu. The analysis of biomass suggests an important characteristic of metal compartmentalization by the plant, associating the absorption by the roots and the possible transfer to the leaves. In general, our results show that S. natans is an organism with a potential bioindicator and bioaccumulator of Cu and consists of a viable cost-effective option for phytoremediation of aquatic environments contaminated by metals

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