scholarly journals Changes in Microbiota Across Developmental Stages of Aedes koreicus, an Invasive Mosquito Vector in Europe: Indications for Microbiota-Based Control Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niccolò Alfano ◽  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Fausta Rosso ◽  
Mattia Manica ◽  
Daniele Arnoldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Aedes Koreicus ◽  
Invasive Mosquito

scholarly journals Temporal Dynamics of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ Load in the Insect Vector Cacopsylla melanoneura

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Valentina Candian ◽  
Monia Monti ◽  
Rosemarie Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Cacopsylla Melanoneura

The transmission of phytoplasmas is the result of an intricate interplay involving pathogens, insect vectors and host plants. Knowledge of the vector’s competence during its lifespan allows us to define more sustainable well-timed control strategies targeted towards the most worrisome life stages. We investigated the temporal dynamics of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ load in Cacopsylla melanoneura in the different developmental stages in Northwest Italy. The phytoplasma load in the vector was evaluated in overwintering adults, nymphs and newly emerged adults after different acquisition access periods. Moreover, we followed the multiplication of the phytoplasma during the aestivation and the overwintering period on conifers. Our results confirmed the ability of remigrants to retain the phytoplasma until the end of winter. We also highlighted the high acquisition efficiency and vector competence, based on phytoplasma load, of nymphs and newly emerged adults. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to the management of overwintered C. melanoneura as soon as they return to the orchards, but also to newly emerged adults, particularly in orchards with a high infection rate and when the migration to conifers is delayed.

scholarly journals Public health response and lessons learned from the 2014 chikungunya epidemic in Grenada

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Forde ◽  
Francis Martin ◽  
George Mitchell ◽  
Satesh Bidaisee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Island State ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Multiple Challenges

In June 2014, the first cases of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were diagnosed on the island of Carriacou, part of the tri-island state of Grenada. In the three months that followed, CHIKV spread rapidly, with conservative estimates of the population infected of at least 60%. Multiple challenges were encountered in the battle to manage the spread and impact of this high–attack rate virus, including 1) limited indigenous laboratory diagnostic capabilities; 2) an under-resourced health care system; 3) a skeptical general public, hesitant to accept facts about the origin and mode of transmission of the new virus; and 4) resistance to the vector control strategies used. Lessons learned from the outbreak included the need for 1) a robust and reliable epidemiological surveillance system; 2) effective strategies for communicating with the general population; 3) exploration of other methods of mosquito vector control; and 4) a careful review of all health care policies and protocols to ensure that effective, organized responses are triggered when an infectious outbreak occurs.

scholarly journals Malaria: Trend of Burden and Impact of Control Strategies

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ikechukwu Nnamonu ◽  
Pamela Amarachi Ndukwe-Ani ◽  
Cyril Ali Imakwu ◽  
Clara Ifeoma Okenyi ◽  
Felix Joel Ugwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Malaria Mortality ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Giant Leap

Since antiquity, malaria had plagued humans claiming millions of lives annually around the world. In addition to its health toll, billions of dollars are lost every year to the exorbitant cost of treatment, premature death, loss of opportunities, capital intensive public health and government interventions to curb the menace. This had intensified global malaria eradication efforts over the last few decades leading to the successful elimination of the disease from most developed countries drastically reducing global malaria mortality to hundreds of thousands yearly. Still, developing countries of the world especially those in tropical Africa remain the worst hit and children are the most vulnerable group generally accounting for > 50% of all malaria mortality. The world actually experienced a giant leap forward between 2000 and 2015 when global malaria mortality rate declined by a remarkable 25% and by a significant 69% in children less than five. Also, during this period a staggering 70% of malaria cases were averted due to strengthened malaria intervention. Some of this step forward was also attributed to increasing urbanization and overall economic development across the nation’s leading to improved housing and nutrition. However, years later, progress has been relatively slower and seemed to have stalled. Nonetheless, the impacts of control strategies have saved millions of lives universally. But to save more lives and eliminate malaria from highest risk countries like in tropical Africa, more efforts are required at both international and national capacity through the funding of research and malaria projects, effective surveillance and response, strengthened health system and mosquito vector control strategies, and development of new, improved antimalarial intervention tools like diagnostics, prophylactics, therapeutics and vaccines. Also, the role of human activity and lifestyle in the fight against malaria cannot be overemphasized.

scholarly journals Mosquitoes of Etiological Concern in Kenya and Possible Control Strategies

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Karungu ◽  
Evans Atoni ◽  
Joseph Ogalo ◽  
Caroline Mwaliko ◽  
Bernard Agwanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Invasive Mosquito ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens

Kenya is among the most affected tropical countries with pathogen transmitting Culicidae vectors. For decades, insect vectors have contributed to the emergence and distribution of viral and parasitic pathogens. Outbreaks and diseases have a great impact on a country’s economy, as resources that would otherwise be used for developmental projects are redirected to curb hospitalization cases and manage outbreaks. Infected invasive mosquito species have been shown to increasingly cross both local and global boarders due to the presence of increased environmental changes, trade, and tourism. In Kenya, there have been several mosquito-borne disease outbreaks such as the recent outbreaks along the coast of Kenya, involving chikungunya and dengue. This certainly calls for the implementation of strategies aimed at strengthening integrated vector management programs. In this review, we look at mosquitoes of public health concern in Kenya, while highlighting the pathogens they have been linked with over the years and across various regions. In addition, the major strategies that have previously been used in mosquito control and what more could be done to reduce or combat the menace caused by these hematophagous vectors are presented.

scholarly journals Genetic Variations in Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito Population in Minna, North Central Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S32516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azubuike C. Ukubuiwe ◽  
Israel K. Olayemi ◽  
Aisha I. Jibrin
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
North Central ◽  
Mosquito Vector Control ◽  
Vectorial Competence

The need to have an improved knowledge on the bioecology of Culex quinquefasciatus, a prerequisite in the development of cost-effective control strategies, has informed the present preliminary investigation to put in better perspective variations that exist in the egg rafts of the species. Freshly laid egg rafts were collected and incubated at ambient temperature in well-labeled plastic trays. The results showed overall inconsistency in all indices monitored for the egg rafts. Generally, survivorship was high for the species. All immature stage and adult parameters measured varied significantly among the egg rafts and between/within sexes of the species. Therefore, this study suggests the presence of inherent variation in the bionomics of egg rafts of C. quinquefasciatus, probably influenced by the environment and hence underscores the need for additional studies to further elucidate the roles of genetics and environment in vectorial competence of the species, in order to develop robust sustainable mosquito vector control protocols.

scholarly journals Current distribution of the invasive mosquito species, Aedes koreicus [Hulecoeteomyia koreica] in northern Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Montarsi ◽  
Andrea Drago ◽  
Simone Martini ◽  
Mattia Calzolari ◽  
Francesco De Filippo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Distribution ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Aedes Koreicus ◽  
Invasive Mosquito Species ◽  
Invasive Mosquito

scholarly journals Working towards a Co-Ordinated Approach to Invasive Mosquito Detection, Response and Control in the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander G. C. Vaux ◽  
Colin Johnston ◽  
Thom Dallimore ◽  
Liz McGinley ◽  
Clare Strode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Health ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Source Reduction ◽  
Medical Entomology ◽  
Authority Control ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Positive Site ◽  
Invasive Mosquito ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The United Kingdom (UK) has reported a single detection of the eggs of the invasive mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in each of the three years from 2016 to 2018, all in southeast England. Here, we report the detection of mosquito eggs on three occasions at two sites in London and southeast England in September 2019. Mosquito traps were deployed at 56 sites, in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, as part of a coordinated surveillance programme with local authorities, Edge Hill University, and government departments. Response to each detection was coordinated by Public Health England’s (PHE) local health protection teams, with technical support from PHE’s Medical Entomology group, and control conducted by the respective local authority. Control, including source reduction and larviciding, was conducted within a 300 metre radius of the positive site. The response followed a National Contingency Plan for Invasive Mosquitoes: Detection of Incursions. Although the response to these incidents was rapid and well co-ordinated, recommendations are made to further develop mosquito surveillance and control capability for the UK.

scholarly journals First assessment of potential distribution and dispersal capacity of the emerging invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus in Northeast Italy

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Marcantonio ◽  
Markus Metz ◽  
Frédéric Baldacchino ◽  
Daniele Arnoldi ◽  
Fabrizio Montarsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Aedes Koreicus ◽  
Invasive Mosquito

scholarly journals Amazonian malaria: Asymptomatic human reservoirs, diagnostic challenges, environmentally driven changes in mosquito vector populations, and the mandate for sustainable control strategies

Acta Tropica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica da Silva-Nunes ◽  
Marta Moreno ◽  
Jan E. Conn ◽  
Dionicia Gamboa ◽  
Shira Abeles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Vector

scholarly journals Advances and challenges in malaria vaccine development

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruobing Wang ◽  
Joseph D. Smith ◽  
Stefan H.I. Kappe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Specific Stage ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Induced Immunity

Malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious diseases that threaten humankind. Human malaria is caused by five different species ofPlasmodiumparasites, each transmitted by the bite of femaleAnophelesmosquitoes. Plasmodia are eukaryotic protozoans with more than 5000 genes and a complex life cycle that takes place in the mosquito vector and the human host. The life cycle can be divided into pre-erythrocytic stages, erythrocytic stages and mosquito stages. Malaria vaccine research and development faces formidable obstacles because many vaccine candidates will probably only be effective in a specific species at a specific stage. In addition,Plasmodiumactively subverts and escapes immune responses, possibly foiling vaccine-induced immunity. Although early successful vaccinations with irradiated, live-attenuated malaria parasites suggested that a vaccine is possible, until recently, most efforts have focused on subunit vaccine approaches. Blood-stage vaccines remain a primary research focus, but real progress is evident in the development of a partially efficacious recombinant pre-erythrocytic subunit vaccine and a live-attenuated sporozoite vaccine. It is unlikely that partially effective vaccines will eliminate malaria; however, they might prove useful in combination with existing control strategies. Elimination of malaria will probably ultimately depend on the development of highly effective vaccines.

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