scholarly journals Silencing of Anopheles stephensi Heme Peroxidase HPX15 Activates Diverse Immune Pathways to Regulate the Growth of Midgut Bacteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kajla ◽  
Tania P. Choudhury ◽  
Parik Kakani ◽  
Kuldeep Gupta ◽  
Rini Dhawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Heme Peroxidase ◽  
Immune Pathways

scholarly journals Anopheles stephensi Heme Peroxidase HPX15 Suppresses Midgut Immunity to Support Plasmodium Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kajla ◽  
Parik Kakani ◽  
Tania Pal Choudhury ◽  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Kuldeep Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Heme Peroxidase

Characterization and expression analysis of gene encoding heme peroxidase HPX15 in major Indian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)

Acta Tropica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kajla ◽  
Parik Kakani ◽  
Tania Pal Choudhury ◽  
Kuldeep Gupta ◽  
Lalita Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Heme Peroxidase

Effect of Neporex growth regulator on all phases of Anopheles stephensi

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
Hanadi A. Abdul-Razzaq ◽  
Bafreen M. Raza ◽  
Burhan M. Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi

G-lymphatic, vascular and immune pathways for Aβ clearance cascade and therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurav Chakraborty ◽  
Jyothsna ThimmaReddygari ◽  
Divakar Selvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Precursor Protein ◽  
Amyloid Beta Peptide ◽  
Beta Peptide ◽  
Immune Pathways

The Alzheimer disease is a age related neurodegenerative disease. The factors causing alzheimer disease are numerous. Research on humans and rodent models predicted various causative factors involved in Alzheimer disease progression. Among them, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis play a major role because of accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta peptides. Here, the clearance of amyloid beta peptide plays a major role because of the imbalance in the production and clearance of the amyloid beta peptide. Additionally, neuroinflammation by microglia, astrocytes, cytokines, chemokines and the complement system also have a major role in Alzheimer disease. The physiological clearance pathways involved in amyloid beta peptide are glymphatic, vascular and immune pathways. Amyloid precursor protein, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, receptor for advanced glycation end product, apolipoprotein E, clusterin, aquaporin 4, auto-antibodies, complement system, cytokines and microglia are involved in amyloid beta peptide clearance pathways across the blood brain barrier. The plaque formation in the brain by alternative splicing of amyloid precursor protein and production of misfolded protein results in amyloid beta agglomeration. This insoluble amyloid beta leads to neurodegenerative cascade and neuronal cell death occurs. Studies had shown disturbed sleep may be a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline. In this review, the therapeutic targets for alzheimer disease via focussing on pathways for amyloid beta clearance are discussed.

scholarly journals Overexpression of Activated AMPK in the Anopheles stephensi Midgut Impacts Mosquito Metabolism, Reproduction and Plasmodium Resistance

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Chioma Oringanje ◽  
Lillian R. Delacruz ◽  
Yunan Han ◽  
Shirley Luckhart ◽  
Michael A. Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Ampk Activity

Mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis in the midgut are key factors controlling mosquito fitness and anti-pathogen resistance. Targeting genes that regulate mitochondrial dynamics represents a potential strategy for limiting mosquito-borne diseases. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key cellular energy sensor found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. When activated, AMPK inhibits anabolic pathways that consume ATP and activates catabolic processes that synthesize ATP. In this study, we overexpressed a truncated and constitutively active α-subunit of AMPK under the control of the midgut-specific carboxypeptidase promotor in the midgut of female Anopheles stephensi. As expected, AMPK overexpression in homozygous transgenic mosquitoes was associated with changes in nutrient storage and metabolism, decreasing glycogen levels at 24 h post-blood feeding when transgene expression was maximal, and concurrently increasing circulating trehalose at the same time point. When transgenic lines were challenged with Plasmodium falciparum, we observed a significant decrease in the prevalence and intensity of infection relative to wild type controls. Surprisingly, we did not observe a significant difference in the survival of adult mosquitoes fed either sugar only or both sugar and bloodmeals throughout adult life. This may be due to the limited period that the transgene was activated before homeostasis was restored. However, we did observe a significant decrease in egg production, suggesting that manipulation of AMPK activity in the mosquito midgut resulted in the re-allocation of resources away from egg production. In summary, this work identifies midgut AMPK activity as an important regulator of metabolism, reproduction, and innate immunity in An. stephensi, a highly invasive and important malaria vector species.

scholarly journals Prolonged activation of innate immune pathways by a polyvalent STING agonist

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suxin Li ◽  
Min Luo ◽  
Zhaohui Wang ◽  
Qiang Feng ◽  
Jonathan Wilhelm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Pathways

scholarly journals Optimization of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite production from Anopheles stephensi in South West India

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajeet Kumar Mohanty ◽  
Charles de Souza ◽  
Deepika Harjai ◽  
Prathamesh Ghavanalkar ◽  
Mezia Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Gametocyte Density ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
South West ◽  
Membrane Feeding

Abstract Background Efforts to study the biology of Plasmodium vivax liver stages, particularly the latent hypnozoites, have been hampered by the limited availability of P. vivax sporozoites. Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. Using P. vivax patient blood samples, a series of standard membrane-feeding experiments were performed with An. stephensi under the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA). The goal was to understand the dynamics of parasite development in mosquitoes as well as the production of P. vivax sporozoites. To obtain a robust supply of P. vivax sporozoites, mosquito-rearing and mosquito membrane-feeding techniques were optimized, which are described here. Methods Membrane-feeding experiments were conducted using both wild and laboratory-colonized An. stephensi mosquitoes and patient-derived P. vivax collected at the Goa Medical College and Hospital. Parasite development to midgut oocysts and salivary gland sporozoites was assessed on days 7 and 14 post-feeding, respectively. The optimal conditions for mosquito rearing and feeding were evaluated to produce high-quality mosquitoes and to yield a high sporozoite rate, respectively. Results Laboratory-colonized mosquitoes could be starved for a shorter time before successful blood feeding compared with wild-caught mosquitoes. Optimizing the mosquito-rearing methods significantly increased mosquito survival. For mosquito feeding, replacing patient plasma with naïve serum increased sporozoite production > two-fold. With these changes, the sporozoite infection rate was high (> 85%) and resulted in an average of ~ 22,000 sporozoites per mosquito. Some mosquitoes reached up to 73,000 sporozoites. Sporozoite production could not be predicted from gametocyte density but could be predicted by measuring oocyst infection and oocyst load. Conclusions Optimized conditions for the production of high-quality P. vivax sporozoite-infected An. stephensi were established at a field site in South West India. This report describes techniques for producing a ready resource of P. vivax sporozoites. The improved protocols can help in future research on the biology of P. vivax liver stages, including hypnozoites, in India, as well as the development of anti-relapse interventions for vivax malaria.

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