scholarly journals Enhanced Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in DNA Repair Deficient Mammalian Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Kheng Lim ◽  
P. V. Asharani ◽  
M. Prakash Hande
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Mammalian Cells

scholarly journals Exploiting DNA Endonucleases to Advance Mechanisms of DNA Repair

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Marlo K. Thompson ◽  
Robert W. Sobol ◽  
Aishwarya Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity

The earliest methods of genome editing, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), utilize customizable DNA-binding motifs to target the genome at specific loci. While these approaches provided sequence-specific gene-editing capacity, the laborious process of designing and synthesizing recombinant nucleases to recognize a specific target sequence, combined with limited target choices and poor editing efficiency, ultimately minimized the broad utility of these systems. The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences (CRISPR) in Escherichia coli dates to 1987, yet it was another 20 years before CRISPR and the CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins were identified as part of the microbial adaptive immune system, by targeting phage DNA, to fight bacteriophage reinfection. By 2013, CRISPR/Cas9 systems had been engineered to allow gene editing in mammalian cells. The ease of design, low cytotoxicity, and increased efficiency have made CRISPR/Cas9 and its related systems the designer nucleases of choice for many. In this review, we discuss the various CRISPR systems and their broad utility in genome manipulation. We will explore how CRISPR-controlled modifications have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of genome stability, using the modulation of DNA repair genes as examples.

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Via Activation of PAD and Neutrophil Elastase

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
HanGoo Kang ◽  
Jinwon Seo ◽  
Eun-Jeong Yang ◽  
In-Hong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Neutrophil Elastase ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Key Factor

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various fields because of their antimicrobial properties. However, many studies have reported that AgNPs can be harmful to both microorganisms and humans. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key factor of cytotoxicity of AgNPs in mammalian cells and an important factor in the immune reaction of neutrophils. The immune reactions of neutrophils include the expulsion of webs of DNA surrounded by histones and granular proteins. These webs of DNA are termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs allow neutrophils to catch and destroy pathogens in extracellular spaces. In this study, we investigated how AgNPs stimulate neutrophils, specifically focusing on NETs. Freshly isolated human neutrophils were treated with 5 or 100 nm AgNPs. The 5 nm AgNPs induced NET formation, but the 100 nm AgNPs did not. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanism of AgNP-induced NETs using known inhibitors related to NET formation. AgNP-induced NETs were dependent on ROS, peptidyl arginine deiminase, and neutrophil elastase. The result in this study indicates that treatment of 5 nm AgNPs induce NET formation through histone citrullination by peptidyl arginine deiminase and histone cleavage by neutrophil elastase.

DSB (Im)mobility and DNA Repair Compartmentalization in Mammalian Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 427 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlène Lemaître ◽  
Evi Soutoglou
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Mammalian Cells

scholarly journals An interaction between the mammalian DNA repair protein XRCC1 and DNA ligase III.

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
K W Caldecott ◽  
C K McKeown ◽  
J D Tucker ◽  
S Ljungquist ◽  
L H Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Excision Repair ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Dna Ligase ◽  
Base Excision ◽  
Dna Ligase Iii

XRCC1, the human gene that fully corrects the Chinese hamster ovary DNA repair mutant EM9, encodes a protein involved in the rejoining of DNA single-strand breaks that arise following treatment with alkylating agents or ionizing radiation. In this study, a cDNA minigene encoding oligohistidine-tagged XRCC1 was constructed to facilitate affinity purification of the recombinant protein. This construct, designated pcD2EHX, fully corrected the EM9 phenotype of high sister chromatid exchange, indicating that the histidine tag was not detrimental to XRCC1 activity. Affinity chromatography of extract from EM9 cells transfected with pcD2EHX resulted in the copurification of histidine-tagged XRCC1 and DNA ligase III activity. Neither XRCC1 or DNA ligase III activity was purified during affinity chromatography of extract from EM9 cells transfected with pcD2EX, a cDNA minigene that encodes untagged XRCC1, or extract from wild-type AA8 or untransfected EM9 cells. The copurification of DNA ligase III activity with histidine-tagged XRCC1 suggests that the two proteins are present in the cell as a complex. Furthermore, DNA ligase III activity was present at lower levels in EM9 cells than in AA8 cells and was returned to normal levels in EM9 cells transfected with pcD2EHX or pcD2EX. These findings indicate that XRCC1 is required for normal levels of DNA ligase III activity, and they implicate a major role for this DNA ligase in DNA base excision repair in mammalian cells.

DNA Repair in Mammalian Cells

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1010-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tornaletti
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Mammalian Cells

DNA Repair Genes of Mammalian Cells

1986 ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Thompson ◽  
K. W. Brookman ◽  
E. P. Salazar ◽  
J. C. Fuscoe ◽  
C. A. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Dna Repair Genes ◽  
Repair Genes

DNA Repair Enzymes in Mammalian Cells

1977 ◽  
pp. 263-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Errol C. Friedberg ◽  
Kern H. Cook ◽  
James Duncan ◽  
Kristien Mortelmans
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Dna Repair Enzymes ◽  
Repair Enzymes
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