scholarly journals Ecological Effects of Wolves in Anthropogenic Landscapes: The Potential for Trophic Cascades Is Context-Dependent

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Ausilio ◽  
Håkan Sand ◽  
Johan Månsson ◽  
Karen Marie Mathisen ◽  
Camilla Wikenros
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Trophic Cascades ◽  
Anthropogenic Influence ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscapes ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Browsing Damage ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Large Predators ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, large predators have made a comeback across large parts of Europe. However, little is known about the impact that recolonizing predators may have on ecosystems with high degrees of anthropogenic influence. In Scandinavia, wolves (Canis lupus) now inhabit areas affected by intense forestry practices and their main prey, moose (Alces alces), are exposed to significant human hunting pressure. We used long-term datasets to investigate whether the return of wolves has affected moose distribution (i.e., presence and abundance) as well as browsing damage (i.e., presence and intensity) by moose on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We found that the probability of moose presence and abundance increased with time since wolf territory establishment and was higher inside wolf territories than outside. Additionally, the probability of browsing damage was also higher inside wolf territories compared to outside, but wolf occurrence had no effect on browsing damage intensity. We suggest two possible underlying mechanisms behind these results: (1) wolves might select to establish territories in areas with higher moose abundance, increasing their probability of encounters, and/or (2) hunters within wolf territories reduce the number of harvested moose to compensate for wolf predation. This study highlights that the return of large predators to landscapes with strong anthropogenic influence may result in alternative effects than those described in studies on trophic cascades located in protected areas.

scholarly journals Modulation of Specific and Allergy-Related Immune Responses by Helminths

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Daniłowicz-Luebert ◽  
Noëlle L. O'Regan ◽  
Svenja Steinfelder ◽  
Susanne Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Complex Mechanisms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Helminths are master regulators of host immune responses utilising complex mechanisms to dampen host protective Th2-type responses and favour long-term persistence. Such evasion mechanisms ensure mutual survival of both the parasite and the host. In this paper, we present recent findings on the cells that are targeted by helminths and the molecules and mechanisms that are induced during infection. We discuss the impact of these factors on the host response as well as their effect in preventing the development of aberrant allergic inflammation. We also examine recent findings on helminth-derived molecules that can be used as tools to pinpoint the underlying mechanisms of immune regulation or to determine new anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

Transdiagnostic Approaches to Emotion Regulation

2017 ◽  
pp. 419-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Chu ◽  
Junwen Chen ◽  
Christina Mele ◽  
Andrea Temkin ◽  
Justine Xue
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

This chapter delineates the transdiagnostic approach to emotion regulation in children and adolescents in terms of underlying mechanisms and unifying treatment approaches. Transdiagnostic attempts to explain the high incidence of comorbidity among related disorders, whilst enhancing understanding of the underlying mechanisms inferring commonalities in development, propagation, and impairment. Additionally, it seeks to streamline and enhance the impact of evidence-based interventions for psychological disorders. However, differing research designs, assessment tools, and analytic methodologies have made comparisons challenging. Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal research has identified commonalties across disorders related to strategy deployment and neurological involvement (amygdala). Interventions targeting emotional functioning have demonstrated efficacy for both primary and secondary issues. Research is limited in exploring the shift in emotion regulation functioning. Nascent research on DBT and ERT has employed robust treatment evaluations, reporting outcomes. These programs have demonstrated efficacy across numerous presenting problems maintaining effects in both short and long-term follow-ups.

scholarly journals Sampling bias exaggerates a textbook example of a trophic cascade

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Brice ◽  
Eric J. Larsen ◽  
Daniel R. MacNulty
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Trophic Cascade ◽  
National Park ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Scientific Challenge ◽  
Large Predators ◽  
Term Data

AbstractUnderstanding how wildland ecosystems respond to the loss and recovery of large predators is vital to decipher the forces that structure food webs and to guide the practice of ecosystem conservation, restoration, and rewilding. This is a major scientific challenge, however, because these large-scale, uncontrolled systems are difficult (or impossible) to sample properly. We show how a tradition of nonrandom sampling has confounded this understanding in a textbook system (Yellowstone National Park) where carnivore [wolf (Canis lupus)] recovery is often associated with a trophic cascade involving changes in herbivore [elk (Cervus canadensis)] behavior and density that promote plant regeneration. Long-term data indicate that a customary practice of sampling only the tallest young plants overestimated regeneration of aspen (Populus tremuloides) by a factor of 3-44 compared to random sampling. Our results demonstrate how seemingly minor departures from principled sampling can generate substantial misunderstandings about the strength of trophic cascades caused by large terrestrial predators.

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

Examining the Impact of the Disabled Youth Peer Development Initiative: What are the Long-Term Outcomes?

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Garate-Serafini ◽  
Jose Mendez ◽  
Patty Arriaga ◽  
Larry Labiak ◽  
Carol Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Impact

The Impact of Different Treatments on Long-Term Symptoms in Vestibular Schwannoma

2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (S 02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Lund-Johansen ◽  
Øystein Tveiten ◽  
Monica Finnkirk ◽  
Erling Myrseth ◽  
Frederik Goplen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular Schwannoma ◽  
The Impact

The influence of inflation targeting on the pass-through effect of the exchange rate

2018 ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Ph. S. Kartaev ◽  
Yu. I. Yakimova
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact

The paper studies the impact of the transition to the inflation targeting regime on the magnitude of the pass-through effect of the exchange rate to prices. We analyze cross-country panel data on developed and developing countries. It is shown that the transition to this regime of monetary policy contributes to a significant reduction in both the short- and long-term pass-through effects. This decline is stronger in developing countries. We identify the main channels that ensure the influence of the monetary policy regime on the pass-through effect, and examine their performance. In addition, we analyze the data of time series for Russia. It was concluded that even there the transition to inflation targeting led to a decrease in the dependence of the level of inflation on fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate.

Secular stagnation in the modern world

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Drobyshevsky ◽  
P. V. Trunin ◽  
A. V. Bozhechkova
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Destruction Process ◽  
Secular Stagnation ◽  
The Impact

The paper studies the factors of secular stagnation. Key factors of long-term slowdown in economic growth include the slowdown of technological development, aging population, human capital accumulation limits, high public debt, creative destruction process violation etc. The authors analyze key theoretical aspects of long-term stagnation and study the impact of these factors on Japanies economy. The authors conclude that most of the factors have significant influence on the Japanese economy for recent decades, but they cannot explain all dynamics. For Russia, on the contrary, we do not see any grounds for considering the decline in the economy since 2013 as an episode of secular stagnation.

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