scholarly journals Entropy of Co-Enrolment Networks Reveal Disparities in High School STEM Participation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Martin Turnbull ◽  
Dion R. J. O’Neale
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mathematics Standards ◽  
Lower Entropy ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
School Ses

The current study uses a network analysis approach to explore the STEM pathways that students take through their final year of high school in Aotearoa New Zealand. By accessing individual-level microdata from New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure, we are able to create a co-enrolment network comprised of all STEM assessment standards taken by students in New Zealand between 2010 and 2016. We explore the structure of this co-enrolment network though use of community detection and a novel measure of entropy. We then investigate how network structure differs across sub-populations based on students’ sex, ethnicity, and the socio-economic-status (SES) of the high school they attended. Results show the structure of the STEM co-enrolment network differs across these sub-populations, and also changes over time. We find that, while female students were more likely to have been enrolled in life science standards, they were less well represented in physics, calculus, and vocational (e.g., agriculture, practical technology) standards. Our results also show that the enrollment patterns of Asian students had lower entropy, an observation that may be explained by increased enrolments in key science and mathematics standards. Through further investigation of differences in entropy across ethnic group and high school SES, we find that ethnic group differences in entropy are moderated by high school SES, such that sub-populations at higher SES schools had lower entropy. We also discuss these findings in the context of the New Zealand education system and policy changes that occurred between 2010 and 2016.

A multilevel analysis of change in hatred of academic work during high school: focusing on the sociocultural background of Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyoung Lee ◽  
Soohyun Cho ◽  
Sang Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Students ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multilevel Growth Model

AbstractDevelopment of academic hatred was examined at four time points across 7 months among 1,015 South Korean high school students. A multilevel growth model showed that the baseline of, and change in, academic hatred varied across individuals and classrooms. At the individual level, gender, parents’ academic pressure, depression, and test anxiety were related to the initial level of academic hatred; gender and test anxiety were associated with a decrease in academic hatred over time. At the class level, lower socio-economic status and higher teachers’ autonomy support were associated with a lower baseline of academic hatred, and higher teachers’ autonomy support decreased academic hatred. Influence mechanisms of protective and risk factors on students’ academic hatred can be considered for strategic and policy interventions.

scholarly journals Understanding the coverage of Statistics New Zealand's Integrated Data Infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Minshall ◽  
Antony Gomez ◽  
Bycroft Christine
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Education Data ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTObjectivesStatistics New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) combines information from a range of government agencies (such as tax, health and education data) in order to provide the insights government needs to improve social and economic outcomes for New Zealanders. New Zealand has no national population register or unique identifier used in common across these multiple data sources, and probabilistic linkages are a feature of the IDI. A challenge for researchers is to understand the impact of linkage errors and coverage issues present in the linked data, and to develop the rules necessary to define their target population. We outline the statistical infrastructure Statistics New Zealand is developing to help researchers navigate these issues. ApproachA method has been developed to identify NZ residents at a given time from the much larger number of individuals present in the IDI. Census data linked to the IDI offers insight into the coverage of key population groups and the quality of the attribute information held in the IDI (e.g. location and ethnicity). We are assessing ways that Statistics New Zealand could use these findings to assist researchers in forming their population of interest and assess the potential for bias. ResultsThe derived administrative resident population is compared with the official population figures and patterns of under- and over-coverage are identified at an aggregate, and individual level. Some coverage discrepancies may be improved through reducing linkage errors. Comparison with census data reveals some significant quality issues with location and ethnicity variables in administrative collections. Work is underway to improve methods for combining information from multiple sources of varying quality. ConclusionIdentifying NZ residents at a given time, and quantifying errors in administrative data sources will assist researchers ability to recognise and adjust for these errors in their analysis. Simply quantifying (often for the first time) the limitations of administrative sources also provides impetus to improving the collection of these variables at source.

Socio-economic inequalities in mortality persist into old age in New Zealand: study of all 65 years plus, 2001–04

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANTOSH JATRANA ◽  
TONY BLAKELY
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Rate Ratios

ABSTRACTA number of studies have explored the relationship between socio-economic status and mortality, although these have mostly been based on the working-age population, despite the fact that the burden of mortality is highest in older people. Using Poisson regression on linked New Zealand census and mortality data (2001–04, 1.3 million person years) with a comprehensive set of socio-economic indicators (education, income, car access, housing tenure, neighourhood deprivation), we examined the association of socio-economic characteristics and older adult mortality (65+ years) in New Zealand. We found that socio-economic mortality gradients persist into old age. Substantial relative risks of mortality were observed for all socio-economic factors, except housing tenure. Most relative risk associations decreased in strength with ageing [e.g. most deprived compared to least deprived rate ratio for males reducing from 1.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–1.53) for 65–74-year-olds to 1.13 (CI 1.00–1.28) for 85 + -year-olds], except for income and education among women where the rate ratios changed little with increasing age. This suggests individual-level measures of socio-economic status are more closely related to mortality in older women than older men. Comparing across genders, the only statistically significantly different association between men and women was for a weaker association for women for car access.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALGORITHMIC CULTURE AND PROGRAMMING CULTURE OF STUDENTS IN PROFILE CLASSES WHILE STUDING THE BASIS OF PROGRAMMING IN C++

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
K. V. Rozov
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Writing Programs ◽  
School Students ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
C Programming ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Special Control

The article presents the structure, content and results of approbation of the C++ programming course developed for the 10th grade students of physics and mathematics profile and implemented as part of the academic subject “Informatics”. The aim of the course is to develop in the student not only knowledge and skills in programming, but also his algorithmic culture and programming culture as important qualities of a potential IT-specialist. This is facilitated by special control of educational process by the teacher, which consists in monitoring the activities of students in writing programs and timely correction of this activity. The assessment of the level of development of student algorithmic culture and programming culture relative to the basic level of their formation (when mastering the basics of algorithmization and programming in the 9th grade) was carried out on the basis of a number of criteria presented in the article. The results of approbation showed that the specially organized teacher activity makes it possible to increase the level of algorithmic culture and programming culture of high school students when studying the basics of programming in C++.

Students graduate of the degree course in Natural Sciences and Mathematics and the exercise of teaching profession: findings and implications for basic education

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
A. C. R. Trevisan ◽  
E. P. Trevisan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Teaching Career ◽  
Professional Performance ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
And Mathematics

In the article we seek to address questions regarding the interest of graduates of a degree course in Natural Sciences and Mathematics in relation to the teaching career in basic education. The course enables its graduates to work in the subjects Science and Mathematics in the final years of elementary school and Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in high school. Our intention is to identify and reflect on the perceptions of these graduates about teaching, highlighting with this inherent aspects to the exercise of this profession in basic education. From the application of questionnaires to graduates of this course, we produced data regarding their performance in basic education, which enabled us to reflect on the national scenario in relation to the exercise of this profession. We could observe that the majority of the students participating in the research are not working in basic education and that the current scenario of devaluation of the teaching career exerts a significant influence in the decision making process of choosing or not the teacher profession for professional performance after graduation.

Use of linked administrative and laboratory data to confirm that serum 25(OH)D levels in pregnant women can be predicted from satellite estimates of ultraviolet radiation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate M Miller ◽  
Robyn M Lucas ◽  
Elizabeth A Davis ◽  
Prue H Hart ◽  
Nicholas H de Klerk
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Time Period

Abstract Background Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels of pregnant women have been linked to various health outcomes in their offspring. Satellite-derived ultraviolet radiation (UVR) data have been used as a proxy for 25(OH)D levels, as individual-level cohort studies are time-consuming, costly and only feasible for common outcomes. Methods Data on 25(OH)D levels from a public laboratory database were linked to data from the Western Australian Midwives’ Notification System and daily erythemal UVR dose from NASA satellites. Regression analysis was used to identify the time period prior to venesection where daily UVR dose best predicted 25(OH)D levels. A predictive model was used to validate the use of daily UVR dose as a proxy for personal sun exposure during pregnancy. Results Data from 19 173 pregnancies in women aged 18–43 years in Western Australia were included. The daily UVR dose averaged over the 90 days before venesection was the strongest UVR predictor of 25(OH)D level (a 5% increase per 1000 J m–2; equal to 3.3 nmol L–1 at the median of 66 nmol L–1). Ethnicity was the strongest predictor of 25(OH)D levels (21% lower in non-Caucasian vs Caucasian: equal to 7.2 nmol L–1 difference). Other significant predictors were gestation, age, year, parity, socio-economic status, remoteness, medical conditions and season. Conclusion NASA-derived erythemal UVR dose in the 90 days prior to venesection is a significant predictor of 25(OH)D levels in pregnant women. Linked administrative data can be used to investigate associations between UVR during pregnancy and health outcomes in offspring.

scholarly journals Leading cancers contributing to educational disparities in cancer mortality in the US, 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana R. Withrow ◽  
Neal D. Freedman ◽  
James T. Gibson ◽  
Mandi Yu ◽  
Anna M. Nápoles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
High School ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Educational Disparities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Death Certificate Data ◽  
The Us

Abstract Purpose To inform prevention efforts, we sought to determine which cancer types contribute the most to cancer mortality disparities by individual-level education using national death certificate data for 2017. Methods Information on all US deaths occurring in 2017 among 25–84-year-olds was ascertained from national death certificate data, which include cause of death and educational attainment. Education was classified as high school or less (≤ 12 years), some college or diploma (13–15 years), and Bachelor's degree or higher (≥ 16 years). Cancer mortality rate differences (RD) were calculated by subtracting age-adjusted mortality rates (AMR) among those with ≥ 16 years of education from AMR among those with ≤ 12 years. Results The cancer mortality rate difference between those with a Bachelor's degree or more vs. high school or less education was 72 deaths per 100,000 person-years. Lung cancer deaths account for over half (53%) of the RD for cancer mortality by education in the US. Conclusion Efforts to reduce smoking, particularly among persons with less education, would contribute substantially to reducing educational disparities in lung cancer and overall cancer mortality.

Making Entrepreneurs? Makerspaces and Entrepreneurial Intent Among High School Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 097135572110256
Author(s):  
Eric Joseph van Holm
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
School Students ◽  
Important Resource ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Professional Goals ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intent ◽  
K 12

Makerspaces have grown over the last two decades and provide a potentially important resource to entrepreneurs. One area where the expansion of makerspaces has been the largest is in educational settings, at both K-12 schools and colleges. However, scant research to date has analysed whether students visiting a makerspace have any relationship with their professional goals or intentions. This study uses a survey conducted in New Orleans to analyse the predictors of what students use a makerspace, and the potential relationship visiting may have with entrepreneurial intent. The analysis finds that students with a higher socio-economic status appear to use makerspaces more often, and that students who visited makerspaces are more likely to express interest in starting their own businesses.

scholarly journals Greater female first author citation advantages do not associate with reduced or reducing gender disparities in academia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1283-1297
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall ◽  
Pardeep Sud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Small Fields ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Author Citation ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Weak Tendency

Ongoing problems attracting women into many Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects have many potential explanations. This article investigates whether the possible undercitation of women associates with lower proportions of, or increases in, women in a subject. It uses six million articles published in 1996–2012 across up to 331 fields in six mainly English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The proportion of female first- and last-authored articles in each year was calculated and 4,968 regressions were run to detect first-author gender advantages in field normalized article citations. The proportion of female first authors in each field correlated highly between countries and the female first-author citation advantages derived from the regressions correlated moderately to strongly between countries, so both are relatively field specific. There was a weak tendency in the United States and New Zealand for female citation advantages to be stronger in fields with fewer women, after excluding small fields, but there was no other association evidence. There was no evidence of female citation advantages or disadvantages to be a cause or effect of changes in the proportions of women in a field for any country. Inappropriate uses of career-level citations are a likelier source of gender inequities.

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