scholarly journals Role of Dietary Antioxidants in the Preservation of Vascular Function and the Modulation of Health and Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saradhadevi Varadharaj ◽  
Owen J. Kelly ◽  
Rami N. Khayat ◽  
Purnima S. Kumar ◽  
Naseer Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Function ◽  
Dietary Antioxidants ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Arginine Derivatives in Cerebrovascular Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit M. Grosse ◽  
Edzard Schwedhelm ◽  
Hans Worthmann ◽  
Chi-un Choe
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Derivatives Of

The amino acid L-arginine serves as substrate for the nitric oxide synthase which is crucial in vascular function and disease. Derivatives of arginine, such as asymmetric (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), are regarded as markers of endothelial dysfunction and have been implicated in vascular disorders. While there is a variety of studies consolidating ADMA as biomarker of cerebrovascular risk, morbidity and mortality, SDMA is currently emerging as an interesting metabolite with distinct characteristics in ischemic stroke. In contrast to dimethylarginines, homoarginine is inversely associated with adverse events and mortality in cerebrovascular diseases and might constitute a modifiable protective risk factor. This review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence for the pathophysiological role of arginine derivatives in cerebrovascular ischemic diseases. We discuss the complex mechanisms of arginine metabolism in health and disease and its potential clinical implications in diverse aspects of ischemic stroke.

Role of the Adventitia in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling

Physiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt R. Stenmark ◽  
Neil Davie ◽  
Maria Frid ◽  
Evgenia Gerasimovskaya ◽  
Mita Das
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Function ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Wall Function ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adventitial Fibroblast ◽  
Structural Behaviors

An increasing volume of experimental data indicates that the adventitial fibroblast, in both the pulmonary and systemic circulations, is a critical regulator of vascular wall function in health and disease. A rapidly emerging concept is that the vascular adventitia acts as biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. In response to stress or injury, resident adventitial cells can be activated and reprogrammed to exhibit different functional and structural behaviors. In fact, under certain conditions, the adventitial compartment may be considered the principal injury-sensing tissue of the vessel wall. In response to vascular stresses such as overdistension and hypoxia, the adventitial fibroblast is activated and undergoes phenotypic changes, which include proliferation, differentiation, upregulation of contractile and extracellular matrix proteins, and release of factors that directly affect medial smooth muscle cell tone and growth and that stimulate recruitment of inflammatory and progenitor cells to the vessel wall. Each of these changes in fibroblast phenotype modulates either directly or indirectly changes in overall vascular function and structure. The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence demonstrating that the adventitial fibroblast acts as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular function and structure from the “outside-in.”

Dietary Carotenoids in Managing Metabolic Syndrome and Role of PPARs in the Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 846-853
Author(s):  
Raghunandan Purohith ◽  
Nagendra P.M. Nagalingaswamy ◽  
Nanjunda S. Shivananju
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Dietary Antioxidants ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Established Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Metabolic syndrome is a collective term that denotes disorder in metabolism, symptoms of which include hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Diet is a major predisposing factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, and dietary intervention is necessary for both prevention and management. The bioactive constituents of food play a key role in this process. Micronutrients such as vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, and aromatic pigment molecules found in fruits, vegetables, spices, and condiments are known to have beneficial effects in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. There exists a well-established relationship between oxidative stress and major pathological conditions such as inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Consequently, dietary antioxidants are implicated in the remediation of these complications. The mechanism of action and targets of dietary antioxidants as well as their effects on related pathways are being extensively studied and elucidated in recent times. This review attempts a comprehensive study of the role of dietary carotenoids in alleviating metabolic syndromewith an emphasis on molecular mechanism-in the light of recent advances.

scholarly journals Chromosome Instability, Aging and Brain Diseases

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1256
Author(s):  
Ivan Y. Iourov ◽  
Yuri B. Yurov ◽  
Svetlana G. Vorsanova ◽  
Sergei I. Kutsev
Keyword(s):  
Brain Aging ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Neuronal Cell Death ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Health And Disease

Chromosome instability (CIN) has been repeatedly associated with aging and progeroid phenotypes. Moreover, brain-specific CIN seems to be an important element of pathogenic cascades leading to neurodegeneration in late adulthood. Alternatively, CIN and aneuploidy (chromosomal loss/gain) syndromes exhibit accelerated aging phenotypes. Molecularly, cellular senescence, which seems to be mediated by CIN and aneuploidy, is likely to contribute to brain aging in health and disease. However, there is no consensus about the occurrence of CIN in the aging brain. As a result, the role of CIN/somatic aneuploidy in normal and pathological brain aging is a matter of debate. Still, taking into account the effects of CIN on cellular homeostasis, the possibility of involvement in brain aging is highly likely. More importantly, the CIN contribution to neuronal cell death may be responsible for neurodegeneration and the aging-related deterioration of the brain. The loss of CIN-affected neurons probably underlies the contradiction between reports addressing ontogenetic changes of karyotypes within the aged brain. In future studies, the combination of single-cell visualization and whole-genome techniques with systems biology methods would certainly define the intrinsic role of CIN in the aging of the normal and diseased brain.

scholarly journals The Role of Cell Metabolism in Innate Immune Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anaisa Valido Ferreira ◽  
Jorge Domiguéz-Andrés ◽  
Mihai Gheorghe Netea
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunological memory is classically attributed to adaptive immune responses, but recent studies have shown that challenged innate immune cells can display long-term functional changes that increase nonspecific responsiveness to subsequent infections. This phenomenon, coined <i>trained immunity</i> or <i>innate immune memory</i>, is based on the epigenetic reprogramming and the rewiring of intracellular metabolic pathways. Here, we review the different metabolic pathways that are modulated in trained immunity. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid, and lipid metabolism are interplaying pathways that are crucial for the establishment of innate immune memory. Unraveling this metabolic wiring allows for a better understanding of innate immune contribution to health and disease. These insights may open avenues for the development of future therapies that aim to harness or dampen the power of the innate immune response.

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