scholarly journals The Glutamate System as a Crucial Regulator of CNS Toxicity and Survival of HIV Reservoirs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Gorska ◽  
Eliseo A. Eugenin
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Reservoirs ◽  
Glutamate System ◽  
Cns Toxicity

BCL-2 Antagonism Sensitizes CTL-Resistant HIV Reservoirs to Elimination Ex Vivo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanqin Ren ◽  
Szu Han Huang ◽  
Shabnum Patel ◽  
Dean Magat ◽  
Amanda B. Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Hiv Reservoirs

scholarly journals Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra D. Gipson ◽  
Scott Rawls ◽  
Michael D. Scofield ◽  
Benjamin M. Siemsen ◽  
Emma O. Bondy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Glutamate Signaling ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Glutamate System ◽  
Chronic Use

AbstractChronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.

scholarly journals Radiation induced CNS toxicity – molecular and cellular mechanisms

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 1233-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Belka ◽  
W Budach ◽  
R D Kortmann ◽  
M Bamberg
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Cns Toxicity

scholarly journals Implications of HIV-1 Nef for “Shock and Kill” Strategies to Eliminate Latent Viral Reservoirs

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Kuang ◽  
Mark Brockman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Success ◽  
Viral Reservoirs ◽  
Hiv Reservoirs ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Shock And Kill ◽  
Cell Genome ◽  
Latent Hiv ◽  
Silent State

Finding a cure for HIV is challenging because the virus is able to integrate itself into the host cell genome and establish a silent state, called latency, allowing it to evade antiviral drugs and the immune system. Various “shock and kill” strategies are being explored in attempts to eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The goal of these approaches is to reactivate latent viruses (“shock”), thereby exposing them to clearance by viral cytopathic effects or immune-mediated responses (“kill”). To date, there has been limited clinical success using these methods. In this review, we highlight various functions of the HIV accessory protein Nef and discuss their double-edged effects that may contribute to the limited effectiveness of current “shock and kill” methods to eradicate latent HIV reservoirs in treated individuals.

Interferon-induced CNS toxicity

Reactions ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Keyword(s):  
Cns Toxicity
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