scholarly journals Recent Insights into the Role of Unfolded Protein Response in ER Stress in Health and Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Lindholm ◽  
Laura Korhonen ◽  
Ove Eriksson ◽  
Sulev Kõks
Keyword(s):  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Protein Response

scholarly journals Confounding Roles of ER Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2567
Author(s):  
Yann S. Gallot ◽  
Kyle R. Bohnert
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Protein Response

Skeletal muscle is an essential organ, responsible for many physiological functions such as breathing, locomotion, postural maintenance, thermoregulation, and metabolism. Interestingly, skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue, capable of adapting to anabolic and catabolic stimuli. Skeletal muscle contains a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, composed of an extensive network of tubules. In addition to the role of folding and trafficking proteins within the cell, this specialized organelle is responsible for the regulated release of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytoplasm to trigger a muscle contraction. Under various stimuli, such as exercise, hypoxia, imbalances in calcium levels, ER homeostasis is disturbed and the amount of misfolded and/or unfolded proteins accumulates in the ER. This accumulation of misfolded/unfolded protein causes ER stress and leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Interestingly, the role of the UPR in skeletal muscle has only just begun to be elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that ER stress and UPR markers are drastically induced in various catabolic stimuli including cachexia, denervation, nutrient deprivation, aging, and disease. Evidence indicates some of these molecules appear to be aiding the skeletal muscle in regaining homeostasis whereas others demonstrate the ability to drive the atrophy. Continued investigations into the individual molecules of this complex pathway are necessary to fully understand the mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effects of Jasmonic Acid in ER Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Tomato Plants

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Zalán Czékus ◽  
Orsolya Csíkos ◽  
Attila Ördög ◽  
Irma Tari ◽  
Péter Poór
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Chemical Chaperone ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Protein Response

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress elicits a protective mechanism called unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain cellular homeostasis, which can be regulated by defence hormones. In this study, the physiological role of jasmonic acid (JA) in ER stress and UPR signalling has been investigated in intact leaves of tomato plants. Exogenous JA treatments not only induced the transcript accumulation of UPR marker gene SlBiP but also elevated transcript levels of SlIRE1 and SlbZIP60. By the application of JA signalling mutant jai1 plants, the role of JA in ER stress sensing and signalling was further investigated. Treatment with tunicamycin (Tm), the inhibitor of N-glycosylation of secreted glycoproteins, increased the transcript levels of SlBiP. Interestingly, SlIRE1a and SlIRE1b were significantly lower in jai1. In contrast, the transcript accumulation of Bax Inhibitor-1 (SlBI1) and SlbZIP60 was higher in jai1. To evaluate how a chemical chaperone modulates Tm-induced ER stress, plants were treated with sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, which also decreased the Tm-induced increase in SlBiP, SlIRE1a, and SlBI1 transcripts. In addition, it was found that changes in hydrogen peroxide content, proteasomal activity, and lipid peroxidation induced by Tm is regulated by JA, while nitric oxide was not involved in ER stress and UPR signalling in leaves of tomato.

Abstract 1313: Pro-atherogenic Effects Of Lipid Peroxidation Products: Role Of The Unfolded Protein Response

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Vladykoskaya ◽  
Petra Haberzettl ◽  
Yonis Ahmed ◽  
Bradford G Hill ◽  
Srinivas D Sithu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Chemical Chaperone ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Protein Response ◽  
Jnk Activation

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are associated with atherosclerosis. Expression of UPR target genes such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and ATF4 is markedly increased in human atherosclerotic lesions. Staining for these proteins co-localizes with the staining with antibodies that recognize the aldehydic epitopes of oxidized LDL, suggesting that lipid-derived aldehydes could be involved in mediating ER stress and UPR. We examined the role of phospholipid aldehyde, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC), unsaturated lipid-derived aldehydes- 4-hydroxy, trans -2-nonenal (HNE) and acrolein in the induction of ER-stress and UPR in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and human umbical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). POVPC, HNE and acrolein (10 –25 μM) increased the phosphorylation of eIF2α (eukaryotic initiation factor-2α) by 1.5–5 fold (P<0.001) and induced its downstream effector proteins - ATF4 (1.5–3.5 fold; P<0.001) and ATF3 (4–10 fold; P<0.0001). Incubation of HAEC with these aldehydes also increased the adhesion of THP-1 cells (monocyte) to HAEC by 1.4–1.6 fold (P<0.01). Moreover, incubation of endothelial cells with POVPC increased the mRNA level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by >25 fold (P<0.0001). Chemical chaperone, phenyl butyric acid (PBA), diminished aldehydes-induced expression of ATF3 and ATF4 proteins, endothelial cell-monocyte adhesion and IL-8 formation by 80–95% (P<0.001). POVPC (10–25 μM) also activated JNK by (3–6 fold) in HAEC. Reduction of POVPC to its corresponding alcohol, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-hydroxyvaleroyl)- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (PHVPC) inhibited JNK activation by 74 ± 14 % (P<0.001). Pharmacological inhibition of JNK, inhibited the aldehyde-induced induction of ATF3 and ATF4 proteins by 70–90 % (P<0.001) but not the phosphorylation of eIF2α, and PBA inhibited the POVPC-induced JNK activation by 85 ± 11 % (P<0.001). These data suggest that lipoprotein oxidation products activate endothelial cells in part by inducing ER-stress and their inflammatory signaling could be attenuated by chemical chaperones of protein folding.

scholarly journals The Role of the Unfolded Protein Response on Renal Lipogenesis in C57BL/6 Mice

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Figueroa-Juárez ◽  
Lilia G. Noriega ◽  
Carlos Pérez-Monter ◽  
Gabriela Alemán ◽  
Rogelio Hernández-Pando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Er Stress ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Protein Response

Renal injury observed in several pathologies has been associated with lipid accumulation in the kidney. While it has been suggested that the accumulation of renal lipids depends on free fatty acids released from adipose tissue, it is not known whether in situ renal lipogenesis due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to kidney injury. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of pharmacological ER stress in renal structure and function and its effect on renal lipid metabolism of C57BL/6 mice. ER stress increased serum creatinine and induced kidney structural abnormalities. Tunicamycin-administered mice developed hyperinsulinemia, augmented lipolysis and increased circulating leptin and adiponectin. Renal unfolded protein response (UPR) gene expression markers, the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1 and the phosphorylation of eIF2α increased 8 h after tunicamycin administration. At 24 h, an increase in BiP protein content was accompanied by a reduction in p-eIF2α and increased SREBP-1 and FASn protein content, in addition to a significant increase in triglyceride content and a reduction in AMPK. Thus, ER stress induces in situ lipid synthesis, leading to renal lipid accumulation and functional alterations. Future pharmacological and/or dietary strategies must target renal ER stress to prevent kidney damage and the progression of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals ER stress and unfolded protein response in ocular health and disease

FEBS Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 286 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Kroeger ◽  
Wei-Chieh Chiang ◽  
Julia Felden ◽  
Amanda Nguyen ◽  
Jonathan H. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Protein Response ◽  
Ocular Health

scholarly journals Pan-Sigma Receptor Modulator RC-106 Induces Terminal Unfolded Protein Response In In Vitro Pancreatic Cancer Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9012
Author(s):  
Michela Cortesi ◽  
Alice Zamagni ◽  
Sara Pignatta ◽  
Michele Zanoni ◽  
Chiara Arienti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Protein Response

Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Sigma receptors (SRs) have been proposed as cancer therapeutic targets. Their main localization suggests they play a potential role in ER stress and in the triggering of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we investigated the mechanisms of action of RC-106, a novel pan-SR modulator, to characterize therapeutically exploitable role of SRs in tumors. Two PC cell lines were used in all the experiments. Terminal UPR activation was evaluated by quantifying BiP, ATF4 and CHOP by Real-Time qRT-PCR, Western Blot, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Cell death was studied by flow cytometry. Post-transcriptional gene silencing was performed to study the interactions between SRs and UPR key proteins. RC-106 activated ER stress sensors in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It also induced ROS production accordingly with ATF4 upregulation at the same time reducing cell viability of both cell lines tested. Moreover, RC-106 exerted its effect through the induction of the terminal UPR, as shown by the activation of some of the main transducers of this pathway. Post-transcriptional silencing studies confirmed the connection between SRs and these key proteins. Overall, our data highlighted a key role of SRs in the activation of the terminal UPR pathway, thus indicating pan-SR ligands as candidates for targeting the UPR in pancreatic cancer.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Role of Sirtuins Targeting Unfolded Protein Response, Coagulation, and Inflammation in Hypoxia-Induced Thrombosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khan Sadia ◽  
Mohammad Zahid Ashraf ◽  
Aastha Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Protein Response

Thrombosis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality across the world. Many pathological milieus in the body resulting from multiple risk factors escort thrombosis. Hypoxic condition is one such risk factor that disturbs the integrity of endothelial cells to cause an imbalance between anticoagulant and procoagulant proteins. Hypoxia generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggers inflammatory pathways to augment the coagulation cascade. Hypoxia in cells also activates unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which tries to restore ER homeostasis and function. But the sustained UPR linked with inflammation, generation of ROS and apoptosis stimulates the severity of thrombosis in the body. Sirtuins, a group of seven proteins, play a vast role in bringing down inflammation, oxidative and ER stress and apoptosis. As a result, sirtuins might provide a therapeutic approach towards the treatment or prevention of hypoxia-induced thrombosis. Sirtuins modulate hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and counteract ER stress-induced apoptosis by attenuating protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) pathway activation. It prevents ER-stress mediated inflammation by targeting X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1) and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κβ) signaling through deacetylation. Sirtuins also obstruct nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation to reduce the expression of several pro-inflammatory molecules. It protects cells against oxidative stress by targeting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione (GSH), forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), phosphoglucomutase-2 (PGAM2), and NF-κB, to name few. This review, thus, discusses the potential role of sirtuins as a new treatment for hypoxia-induced thrombosis that involves an intersection of UPR and inflammatory pathways in its pathological manifestation.

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