scholarly journals The Surrogate Index: Combining Short-Term Proxies to Estimate Long-Term Treatment Effects More Rapidly and Precisely

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Athey ◽  
Raj Chetty ◽  
Guido Imbens ◽  
Hyunseung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Surrogate Index

scholarly journals The importance of achieving long-term treatment effects in ADHD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter J. Hoekstra ◽  
Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker ◽  
Annabeth P. Groenman
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment

scholarly journals Long-term treatment effects in chronic myeloid leukemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apollos Besse ◽  
Thomas Lepoutre ◽  
Samuel Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Trichotillomania: An 8-Week, Open-Label Study

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Christenson ◽  
Scott J. Crow ◽  
James E. Mitchell ◽  
Thomas B. Mackenzie ◽  
Ross D. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Hair Pulling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Open Label Study ◽  
Label Study ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractThis short-term, open-label study investigates short- and long-term effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM). Additionally, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the presence of hair pulling compulsiveness is predictive of SSRI response. Nineteen subjects meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition Revised, (DSM-III-R) criteria for TTM were treated with fluvoxamine at doses up to 300 mg/day. Random regression analysis of change across time for patients who completed the study (n=14) and those who dropped out (n=5) revealed statistically significant improvements in Physician Rating Scale, hair-pulling episodes, Trichotillomania Impairment Scale, and Trichotillomania Symptom Severity Scale, but not in estimated amount of hair pulled. In addition, the percentage of patients' focused or compulsive hair-pulling symptoms was predictive of treatment response. Unfortunately, all three subjects who entered long-term treatment displayed substantial movement back toward baseline by the end of 6 months. We concluded that fluvoxamine produces moderate reductions in symptoms during the short-term treatment of TTM and that the presence of focused or compulsive hair pulling may be predictive of treatment response. However, responses may be short lived when treatment is extended.

scholarly journals Nonmedical Interventions for Schizophrenia: A Review of Diet, Exercise and Social Roles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Helman
Keyword(s):  
Term Treatment ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Alternative Interventions ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
General Utility ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Abnormal Lipid Metabolism

Schizophrenia is a major mental illness with a disease course that is influenced by lifestyle. The risk-benefit ratio for alternative interventions is more favorable than for antipsychotics in long-term treatment. Dietary interventions may target autoimmune features, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, abnormal lipid metabolism, gluten sensitivity or others. Examples of interventions involving diet, physical activity or physical processes, or social interventions including talk therapy exist in the literature. Notwithstanding, the general utility of these types of interventions remains inconclusive, awaiting long-term randomized trials. A perspective that separates the cause of the disease from its symptoms may be helpful in treatment planning and is warranted to distinguish between short-term and long-term recovery goals.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial and Oxidative Impacts of Short and Long-term Administration of HAART on HIV Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-124
Author(s):  
Joy E. Ikekpeazu ◽  
Oliver C. Orji ◽  
Ikenna K. Uchendu ◽  
Lawrence U.S. Ezeanyika
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year

Background and Objective: There may be a possible link between the use of HAART and oxidative stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV patients. We evaluated the mitochondrial and oxidative impacts of short and long-term administration of HAART on HIV patients attending the Enugu State University Teaching (ESUT) Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria following short and long-term therapy. Methods: 96 patients categorized into four groups of 24 individuals were recruited for the study. Group 1 comprised of age-matched, apparently healthy, sero-negative individuals (the No HIV group); group 2 consisted of HIV sero-positive individuals who had not started any form of treatment (the Treatment naïve group). Individuals in group 3 were known HIV patients on HAART for less than one year (Short-term treatment group), while group 4 comprised of HIV patients on HAART for more than one year (Long-term treatment group). All patients were aged between 18 to 60 years and attended the HIV clinic at the time of the study. Determination of total antioxidant status (TAS in nmol/l), malondialdehyde (MDA in mmol/l), CD4+ count in cells/μl, and genomic studies were all done using standard operative procedures. Results: We found that the long-term treatment group had significantly raised the levels of MDA, as well as significantly diminished TAS compared to the Short-term treatment and No HIV groups (P<0.05). In addition, there was significantly elevated variation in the copy number of mitochondrial genes (mtDNA: D-loop, ATPase 8, TRNALEU uur) in the long-term treatment group. Interpretation and Conclusion: Long-term treatment with HAART increases oxidative stress and causes mitochondrial alterations in HIV patients.

A Review of Metabolic Parameters in Quetiapine Studies Across Diagnoses

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
J. Newcomer ◽  
R. Ratner ◽  
M. Åström ◽  
H. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Difference

Background:Data pertaining to changes in weight during long-term treatment with quetiapine (QTP) have been published previously (1).Methods:Pooled data are presented from 26 short-term clinical studies (up to 12 weeks) of QTP or quetiapine extended-release (QTP XR)-as monotherapy or adjunct therapy-conducted by AstraZeneca up to November 2007. Studies were conducted in adult patients (18-65 years) across a number of psychiatric diagnoses. Variables were analyzed irrespective of fasting status with similar analyses planned in the fasting subset. LSM changes from baseline for the difference between QTP and placebo are presented.Results:Approximately 10000 patients were included in the analyses, 70% of whom were treated with QTP or QTP XR. Across the entire short-term dataset, the difference in LSM change in weight for QTP vs. placebo was 1.07 kg. Corresponding differences in glucose regulation parameters were 1.39 mg/dL for glucose and 0.04% units for HbA1C. the overall difference in total cholesterol was 5.48 mg/dL, with differences in HDL and LDL cholesterol of -0.62 mg/dL and 1.69 mg/dL. the difference in LSM change in triglycerides was 22.62 mg/dL.Discussion:Within the context of balancing potential risks against the acknowledged benefits of atypical antipsychotics, the degree and significance of variations in metabolic parameters is an area of continued interest. This analysis helps clinicians to better understand changes in important metabolic parameters across trials with QTP and QTP XR, and the size and uniqueness of the dataset permits further analyses within this important area.Supported by funding from AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP.

scholarly journals Protein Metabolism in Acromegaly: Differential Effects of Short- and Long-Term Treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Gibney ◽  
Troels Wolthers ◽  
Morton G. Burt ◽  
Kin-Chuen Leung ◽  
A. Margot Umpleby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Context: GH acutely increases body protein by stimulating protein synthesis and reducing protein oxidation. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether these changes in protein metabolism are sustained in long-term GH excess and reversed by correction. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 acromegalic and 18 normal subjects and a longitudinal study in which acromegalic subjects were studied before and after short-term (n = 8) or long-term (n = 10) treatment. Setting: The study was conducted at a clinical research center. Main Outcome Measures: Whole-body rates of leucine appearance (leucine Ra; an index of protein breakdown), leucine oxidation, and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; an index of protein synthesis) estimated using infusion of 1-[13C] leucine were measured. Results: Leucine Ra and NOLD were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in acromegalic compared with normal subjects, whereas leucine oxidation did not differ. Leucine oxidation increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) after short-term treatment but returned to baseline after long-term treatment. Both leucine Ra and NOLD decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) after short- and long-term treatment. Adjustment for body composition did not affect results. Conclusions: In acromegalic subjects, protein breakdown and synthesis are increased, whereas protein oxidation does not differ from normal subjects. Protein oxidation increases transiently, whereas protein breakdown and synthesis are stably reduced after treatment. Because protein oxidation represents irreversible loss, we conclude that the normal state of protein oxidation found in acromegaly and after long-term treatment represents metabolic adaptation, which maintains protein mass at a steady state after stable changes in GH status.

scholarly journals Sildenafil citrate long-term treatment effects on cardiovascular reactivity in a SHR experimental model of metabolic syndrome

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e0223914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosra Doghri ◽  
Fabien Chetaneau ◽  
Moez Rhimi ◽  
Aicha Kriaa ◽  
Valérie Lalanne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Sildenafil Citrate ◽  
Long Term Treatment

INFLUENCE OF GONADAL HORMONES ON THE ACTION OF CALCITONIN IN THE RAT

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Helmer Serensen ◽  
Inge Hindberg
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oestrogen Treatment ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Long Term Treatment

ABSTRACT The influence of short-term and long-term treatment with gonadal hormones on the response to calcitonin was investigated in the rat. Oestrogen-treatment, short-term as well as long-term, resulted in a reduced responsiveness to calcitonin. Long-term treatment with androgens enhanced the hypocalcaemic effect of calcitonin in castrated rats of either sex, but reduced the effect in intact animals. No sex differences could be registered in the sensitivity to calcitonin, when intact animals were compared according to age, while marked differences were observed, when the animals were compared according to weight. There was a linear decrease in the response to calcitonin with increasing age in rats of both sexes. An intraperitoneal calcium load was followed by an acute rise in the serum calcium levels. The adult animals counteracted the hypercalcaemia more slowly than the young ones. Significant differences also occurred between male and female rats, the rise in the serum calcium concentration being much more pronounced in the latter group. The hypocalcaemic activity of thyroid tissue from rats of both sexes and of various ages showed considerable variations, but no differences correlated to age or sex.

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