scholarly journals Modelling and Control of Fast-Switching Solenoid Direct Injection Valves Using a New Magnetics Library

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Mühlenhoff ◽  
Emanuel Rauer ◽  
Tom Ströhla
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Fast Switching ◽  
And Control

mRNA as a Therapeutics: Understanding mRNA Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdi Oguz ◽  
Harika Atmaca
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Protective Antigens ◽  
And Control

Vaccination is one of the important approaches in the prevention and control of diseases. Although the capacity to present antigens other than the disease-specific antigen in the traditional vaccine composition provides a potential benefit by increasing its protective efficacy, many components that are not needed for the related disease are also transferred. These components can reduce vaccine activity by lowering immunity against protective antigens. The reasons such as the low effectiveness of traditional vaccines and the high cost of production and time-consuming reasons show that it is necessary to develop a new vaccine method for our world, which is struggling with epidemics almost every year. Among nucleic acids, mRNA has many advantages, such as genomic integration, induction of anti-DNA autoantibodies, and immune tolerance induced by long-term antigen expression. mRNA vaccines have become a therapeutic target for reasons such as efficacy, safety, fast and non-expensive production. The fact that mRNA triggers both humoral and cellular immunity and goes only to the cytoplasm, not to the nucleus, makes it highly efficient. The mRNA must cross the lipid bilayer barrier and entry to the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. There are two main ways of mRNA vaccine delivery for this: ex vivo loading of mRNA into dendritic cells and direct injection of mRNA with or without a carrier. Studies continue to understand which delivery system is therapeutically more efficient. Preclinical and clinical trials showed that mRNA vaccines trigger a long-lasting and safe immune response.

Physical Modeling and Control of a Multi-Cylinder HCCI Engine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Ravi ◽  
Matthew J. Roelle ◽  
Hsien-Hsin Liao ◽  
Adam F. Jungkunz ◽  
Chen-Fang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Piston Engine ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Hcci Engine ◽  
Operating Region ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
And Control ◽  
Wide Operating

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is one of the most promising piston-engine concepts for the future, providing significantly improved efficiency and emissions characteristics relative to current technologies. This paper presents a framework for controlling a multi-cylinder HCCI engine with exhaust recompression and direct injection of fuel into the cylinder. A physical model is used to describe the HCCI process, with the model states being closely linked to the thermodynamic state of the cylinder constituents. Separability between the effects of the control inputs on the desired outputs provides an opportunity to develop a simple linear control scheme, where the fuel is used to control the work output and the valve timings are used to control the phasing of combustion. Experimental results show good tracking of both the work output and combustion phasing over a wide operating region. In addition, the controller is able to balance out differences between cylinders, and reduce the cycle-to-cycle variability of combustion.

Hybrid Modeling and Control of a Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bemporad ◽  
Nicolo` Giorgetti ◽  
Ilya Kolmanovsky ◽  
Davor Hrovat
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Hybrid Modeling ◽  
Torque Control ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Affine Function ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Stratified Charge ◽  
And Control

This paper illustrates the application of hybrid modeling and optimal control to the problem of air-to-fuel ratio and torque control in advanced technology gasoline direct injection stratified charge (DISC) engines. DISC engines have two discrete modes of operation, stratified and homogeneous, and their dynamic behavior can be easily captured by a hybrid model. We show that the design flow (hybrid modeling and controller synthesis) is simple in terms of problem setup and tuning, provides good closed-loop performance, and leads to a control law that can be implemented on automotive hardware as a piecewise affine function of the measured and estimated quantities.

scholarly journals Design and Control of Semi-direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled by LPG

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 850-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuh-Yih Wu ◽  
Bo-Chiuan Chen ◽  
Hsien-Chi Tsai ◽  
Anh-Trung Tran ◽  
Shou-Chih Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Direct Injection Spark Ignition ◽  
And Control

Studies of Spray Breakup and Mixture Stratification in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using KIVA-3V

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Assanis ◽  
Sang Jin Hong ◽  
Akihiro Nishimura ◽  
George Papageorgakis ◽  
Bruno Vanzieleghem
Keyword(s):  
Model Comparison ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Optimization And Control ◽  
And Control

The Low Pressure spray Breakup (LPB) model of Papageorgakis and Assanis has been implemented in the multi-dimensional code KIVA-3V as an alternative to the standard Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model. Comparison of spray predictions with measurements shows that the LPB model, in conjunction with the standard k-ε turbulence model, has the potential for simulating the evolution of hollow cone sprays with acceptable fidelity, both from qualitative and quantitative standpoints. After validating the LPB model, illustrative studies of mixture stratification are conducted for a Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) combustion chamber resembling the Mitsubishi design. The effects of reverse tumble strength and injection timing on mixture quality in the vicinity of the spark plug are explored. Overall, the study demonstrates how the KIVA-3V code with the LPB model can contribute to the optimization and control of mixing in DIG engines. [S0742-4795(00)00303-3]

A Unified Force Controller for a Proportional-Injector Direct-Injection Monopropellant-Powered Actuator

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Fite ◽  
Jason E. Mitchell ◽  
Eric J. Barth ◽  
Michael Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Sliding Mode Controller ◽  
Nonlinear Controller ◽  
Single Input Single Output ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
Actuation System ◽  
And Control

This paper describes the modeling and control of a proportional-injector direct-injection monopropellant-powered actuator for use in power-autonomous human-scale mobile robots. The development and use of proportional (as opposed to solenoid) injection valves enables a continuous and unified input/output description of the device, and therefore enables the development and implementation of a sliding-mode-type controller for the force control of the proposed actuator, which provides the stability guarantees characteristic of a sliding-mode control approach. Specifically, a three-input, single-output model of the actuation system behavior is developed, which takes a nonlinear non-control-canonical form. In order to implement a nonlinear controller, a constraint structure is developed that effectively renders the system single input, single output, and control canonical, and, thus, of appropriate form for the implementation of a sliding-mode controller. A sliding-mode controller is then developed and experimentally implemented on the proposed actuator. Experimental results demonstrate closed-loop force tracking with a saturation-limited bandwidth of approximately 6Hz.

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