scholarly journals Sound Objects and Sound Products: Standardizing a New Culture of Listening in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Hui
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Recording Technology ◽  
Sound Objects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

In this chapter I develop the psychological underpinnings of environmental music towards an understanding of how the goals of cognitive and behavioral psychologists contributed to a new kind of listening at the beginning of the twentieth century. I begin with an examination of nineteenth-century concerns about both the physical and psychological effects of music and fraught debate among experimental psychologists of the role of musical expertise in the laboratory. These concerns were, I argue, rooted in the assumption of a direct, corporeal connection between the generation and reception of music, usually bound within a single, individual body. In the twentieth century, new technology liberated the listener from a temporally- and geographically-bound experience of music. The Tone Tests, Re-Creation Recitals, and Mood Change “parties” of Thomas Edison and the psychologist Walter Bingham show that recording technology allowed for a normalization and standardization of listening not previously possible in the music halls and laboratories of the nineteenth century. Rather paradoxically, since it also made music more accessible to the individual listener, recorded music, mobilized by industrial psychologists and record companies alike, created a new sound experience actively designed for the lowest common denominator of mass listening. It also contributed to the cultivation of a new practice of mass listening. The new mass listening practice presents broader questions about the definition of music and its functional role – If the function of music is to be ignored, is it still music?

The Case of Literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Höcker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scientific Narratives

This book offers a radical reassessment of the modern European literary canon. The book's reinterpretations of Goethe, Schiller, Büchner, Döblin, Musil, and Kafka show how literary and scientific narratives have determined each other over the past three centuries, and it argues that modern literature not only contributed to the development of the human sciences but also established itself as the privileged medium for a modern style of case-based reasoning. The book traces the role of narrative fiction in relation to the scientific knowledge of the individual from eighteenth-century psychology and pedagogy to nineteenth-century sexology and criminology to twentieth-century psychoanalysis. The book demonstrates how modern authors consciously engaged casuistic forms of writing to arrive at new understandings of literary discourse that correspond to major historical transformations in the function of fiction. It argues for the centrality of literature to changes in the conceptions of psychological knowledge production around 1800; legal responsibility and institutionalized forms of decision-making throughout the nineteenth century; and literature's own realist demands in the early twentieth century.

Firearms and Princely Power in Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Caulk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
National Leadership ◽  
Local Leaders

Several centuries after firearms had been introduced, they were still of little importance in Ethiopia, where cavalry continued to dominate warfare until the second half of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, they were much sought after by local leaders ambitious to secure their autonomy or to grasp supreme authority. The first of these warlords to make himself emperor, Tēwodros (1855–68), owed nothing to firearms. However, his successors, Yohannis IV (1872–89) and Minīlik (d. 1913), did. Both excelled in their mastery of the new technology and acquired large quantities of quick-firing weapons. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, possession of firearms — principally the breech loading rifle — had become a precondition for successfully contending for national leadership. Yet the wider revolution associated (as in Egypt) with the establishment of a European-style army did not follow. Nor was rearmament restricted to the following of the emperor. Despite the revival of imperial authority effected by Yohannis and Minīlik, rifles and even machine-guns were widely enough spread at the turn of the century to reinforce the fragmentation of power long characteristic of the Ethiopian state. Into the early twentieth century, it remained uncertain if the peculiar advantages of the capital in the import of arms would be made to serve centralization.

scholarly journals The ethics of teacher and learner at Mekdad Yalgen and its educational applications: أخلاقيات المعلم والمتعلم عند مقداد يالجن وتطبيقاتها التربوية

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind Mohammed bin Abdullah Al Ahmad ◽  
Afnan bin Fahad bin Abdullah Al Rashed
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Educational Thought ◽  
Educational Framework ◽  
Moral System ◽  
Educational Applications ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This study, entitled "The Ethics of the Teacher and the Learner at Mekdad Yalgen and its Educational Applications," included four chapters in addition to the list of references. The study aimed to identify the cultural, social and educational framework that influenced educational ideas at Mekdad Yaljin, and on the first and the first principles which are the starting points of the study. And the ethics of the teacher and its educational applications at Mekdad Yalgen, the ethics of the learner and its educational applications at Mekdad Yalgen, and on the most prominent ways to promote the moral and moral learners at Mekdad Yalgen. Studying the need to conduct an educational intellectual study that shows the importance of teacher and learner ethics in educational thinkers. In the second chapter, it contains the conceptual framework and previous studies. The study covered the conceptual framework of Mekdad Yalgen, his birth, his stages, his education, his efforts and his scientific achievements, and the King Phil Award, and the most important factors influencing his educational idea. The researcher sought to follow the relevant studies in Yaljin and studies related to the ethics of the teacher and the learner. The third chapter deals with the general principles of educational thought at Mekdad Yalgen starting with the theory of knowledge of its concept and its dimensions. Then, it tackles the concept of human nature and its components, then the Islamic moral system, the definition of morality and the place of ethics. In the fourth chapter: the researcher dealt with the ethics of the teacher and learner at Mekdad Yalgen and its educational applications. Hali included the importance of moral education and the role of Islamic moral education in the building of the individual, society and human civilization, and also contained the ethics of the teacher and the learner and its educational applications at Mekdad Balgin.

scholarly journals Zemskii Sobor: Historiographies and Mythologies of a Russian “Parliament”

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Sablin ◽  
Kuzma Kukushkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
History Writing ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modern Russian

Focusing on the term zemskii sobor, this study explored the historiographies of the early modern Russian assemblies, which the term denoted, as well as the autocratic and democratic mythologies connected to it. Historians have discussed whether the individual assemblies in the sixteenth and seventeenth century could be seen as a consistent institution, what constituencies were represented there, what role they played in the relations of the Tsar with his subjects, and if they were similar to the early modern assemblies elsewhere. The growing historiographic consensus does not see the early modern Russian assemblies as an institution. In the nineteenth–early twentieth century, history writing and myth-making integrated the zemskii sobor into the argumentations of both the opponents and the proponents of parliamentarism in Russia. The autocratic mythology, perpetuated by the Slavophiles in the second half of the nineteenth century, proved more coherent yet did not achieve the recognition from the Tsars. The democratic mythology was more heterogeneous and, despite occasionally fading to the background of the debates, lasted for some hundred years between the 1820s and the 1920s. Initially, the autocratic approach to the zemskii sobor was idealistic, but it became more practical at the summit of its popularity during the Revolution of 1905–1907, when the zemskii sobor was discussed by the government as a way to avoid bigger concessions. Regionalist approaches to Russia’s past and future became formative for the democratic mythology of the zemskii sobor, which persisted as part of the romantic nationalist imagery well into the Russian Civil War of 1918–1922. The zemskii sobor came to represent a Russian constituent assembly, destined to mend the post-imperial crisis. The two mythologies converged in the Priamur Zemskii Sobor, which assembled in Vladivostok in 1922 and became the first assembly to include the term into its official name.

The Role of Religious Orientation and PsyCap in Mitigating Technostress

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-374
Author(s):  
Dwi Wijayanti ◽  
Alex Riza ◽  
Casmini ◽  
Musthofa
Keyword(s):  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Business Students ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
The Individual

The government's work from home policy because of COVID-19 Pandemic has had an impact on changing the learning system. This policy necessitates that students use technology to carry out learning activities. This causes the individual to experience difficulties. The digitization of learning activities has an impact on mental health problems such as technostress. Technostress refers to a modern adaptation disease caused by an inability to cope with new technology. The level of technostress of each individual varies depending on their religious orientation and level of psychological capital (PsyCap). Based on these two internal factors, this study examines how religious orientation and PsyCap influence technostress levels as observed among business students in Indonesia. This study provides empirical evidence suggesting that intrinsic religious orientation and PsyCap can encourage individuals to endure challenges and rising demand, thereby reducing the stress caused by technology. These outcomes assist policymakers to implement programs oriented towards individuals' PsyCap.

POWERS OF THE PRESIDING JUDGE IN A JURY TRIAL IN THE CONTEXT OF ADVERSARIAL PRINCIPLES OF RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Tatyana K. Ryabinina ◽  
◽  
Daria O. Chistilina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
The State ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Jury Trials ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The main objective is to examine the powers of the presiding judge in jury trials in the context of adversarial principles of criminal proceedings. Particular attention will be paid by the authors to different approaches to the notion of adversariality and the definition of the role of a professional judge in such courts, as well as the degree of his activity during the judicial investigation. The main methods used by the authors were dialectical and systematic method, analysis, synthesis, as well as special legal methods of knowledge. The outcome of the research will be a definition of the role of the presiding judge in a jury trial. Forms of criminal procedure that allow the individual to directly participate in the deci-sion-making process of the judiciary are responsible for ensuring citizen participation in the administration of justice in the state. Two such forms have been developed in the world practice so far: the classical jury trial model and the Scheffen model. Each of them provides certain (broad or narrow) powers of a professional judge, the scope of which determines the degree of independence of citizens and the ultimate prospects for the development of a system of popular democratic justice in an adversarial system of criminal proceedings. In today's Russia, the classical jury trial model, modeled after the English jury trial, does not provide for broad powers of the court. In addition, there is the adversarial principle in Russia, which is fostered by the existence of jury trials. However, strict adherence to its provisions may lead to a misunderstanding of the role of the presiding judge in such a court. The activity of a professional judge should be balanced in accordance with the needs of the criminal case under consideration. Thus, requesting additional evidence in the course of the trial in order to verify existing evidence should not be considered a violation of the adversarial principle. Thus, the development of the optimal model for jury trial functioning as well as the determination of the presiding judge's role in the context of adversarial principles of criminal proceedings is a socially-systemic task. It requires a comprehensive dogmatic, comparative-legal and political-legal approach in order to develop the jury trial model which is more con-sistent with the legal system of the state.

British Foreign Secretaries and Japan, 1850-1990

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Japanese Market ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
Japanese Investment ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
History Of

This book reviews the role of British Foreign Secretaries in the formulation of British policy towards Japan from the re-opening of Japan in the middle of the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century. It also takes a critical look at the history of British relations with Japan over these years. Beginning with Lord John Russell (Foreign Secretary 1859-1865) and concluding with Geoffrey Howe (Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs, 1983-1989), the volume also examines the critical roles of two British Prime Ministers in the latter part of the twentieth century, Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher, who ensured that Britain recognized both the reality and the opportunities for Britain resulting from the Japanese economic and industrial phenomenon. Heath’s main emphasis was on opening the Japanese market to British exports. Thatcher’s was on Japanese investment. This volume is a valuable addition to the Japan Society’s series devoted to aspects of Anglo-Japanese relations which includes ten volumes of Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits as well as British Envoys in Japan.

Problems of distance education in the context of philosophy of personal education

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
I.E. Ditkovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Personal Education

Analyzed is experience of distance education in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. In the context of education quality problems, attention is drawn to the inability of most students to organize their independent work and low motivation for independent mastering of the specialty. Meanwhile, under conditions of rapid development of technologies, rapidly changing economic conditions, flexible and timely planning in the context of overcoming the production crisis, specialists, who possess modern technologies in a narrow field, programming languages and the skills of working on specific equipment, are required. But, at the same time, employers are interested in well-educated and big-minded professionals, for example, crisis managers. Graduates should have broad knowledge that allows them to quickly adapt to new requirements, independently choose and master new professions in the future, receiving necessary education, navigate growing flows of information, strive for self-education and self-development, which should be based on the motivation of independent learning. The article focuses on the role of humanitarian knowledge, mastery of which is the basis for self-education and self-development. The definition of the concept of “philosophy of personal education” as a system of thinking in which the principles of philosophy of education are projected onto a personal assessment of one’s own physical, intellectual, spiritual, moral and ethical potential as a foundation for self-education and self-development is given. On the basis of philosophy of personal education, abilities, intellectual and creative potential of the individual are realized and a clear motivation for the need to master a particular specialty and self-improvement in this area is determined.

The Steamboat, Safety and the State: Government Reaction to New Technology in a Period of Laissez-Faire

2011 ◽  
pp. 51-74
Author(s):  
John Armstrong ◽  
David M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
State Government ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Government Response ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The Government

This chapter explores the government reaction to steam power and the issues of public safety that surrounded it. In particular, it questions the lack of prominent government intervention until the middle of the nineteenth century. It studies the economic advantages of steam over sail; the new hazards associated with steam power and the causes and rates of accidents; the call for government intervention which grew out of these hazards; an analysis of the lack of government response to this pressure for close to thirty years; and a study and assessment of the action eventually taken. It concludes by bringing these points together and places them into the wider context of maritime safety, the role of government, the problematic aspects of laissez-faire politics, and the difficulties inherent in the transition to new technology.

Introduction

Veiled Power ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Doreen Lustig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Business Corporation ◽  
Conceptual Analogy ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Corporations have limited responsibilities in international law but enjoy far-reaching rights and privileges. International legal debates often conceive of this issue as a problem of business accountability for human rights violations. Conceptually, the issue of corporations in international law has focused on whether or not they are, or ought to be, recognized as ‘subjects’ of responsibility in international law and on the adequate conceptual analogy to the corporation. The introduction presents an alternative way of thinking about the role of international law and its relevance to the private business corporation. It traces the emergence of the contemporary legal architecture for corporations in international law and shows how modern international law constitutes a framework within which businesses and governments allocate resources and responsibilities—a framework that began to operate as early as the late-nineteenth century and continued throughout the twentieth century.

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