scholarly journals Feminist Responses to Freud Through the “Equality vs. Difference” Debate

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Feyda Sayan Cengiz
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Female Subject ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Biological Determinism ◽  
Freudian Psychoanalysis ◽  
The Difference

Freudian psychoanalysis has long been a matter of debate among feminists, and usually criticized for biological determinism. While discussing the Freudian framework, feminists have also been discussing how to define a female subject and the age old “equality vs. difference” discussion. This study discusses critical feminist responses to Freud which demonstrate the intricacies of the “equality vs. difference” debate amongst different strands of feminist theory. This article analyses three diverse lines of argumentation regarding psychoanalysis and the equality vs. difference debate by focusing on the works of Luce Irigaray, Simone de Beauvoir and Juliet Mitchell. Beauvoir and Irigaray both criticize the Freudian approach for taking “the male” as the real, essential subject. However, whereas Beauvoir sides with an egalitarian feminism, Irigaray defends underlining the difference of female sexuality. Juliet Mitchell, on the other hand, defends Freudian psychoanalysis through the argument that psychoanalysis actually offers a way to understand how the unconscious carries the heritage of historical and social reality. Accordingly, what Freudian psychoanalysis does is to analyze, rather than to legitimize, the basis of the patriarchal order in the unconscious.

Tracing Sexual Difference

1998 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pamela Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Difference

A reading of Luce Irigaray suggests the possibility of tracing sexual difference in philosophical accounts of personal identity. In particular, I argue that Irigaray raises the possibility of moving beyond the aporia of the other which lies at the heart of Paul Ricoeur's account of self-identity. My contention is that the self conceived in Ricoeur's Oneself as Another is male insofar as it is dependent upon the patriarchal monotheism which has shaped Western culture both socially and economically. Nevertheless there remains the possibility of developing Ricoeur's reference to 'the trace of the Other' in order to give a non-essential meaning to sexual difference. Such meaning will emerge when (i) both men and women have identities as subjects, and (ii) the difference between them can be expressed. I aim to elucidate both conditions by appropriating Irigaray's 'Questions to Emmanuel Levinas: On the Divinity of Love.'

The Difference of Feminist Philosophy: The Case of Shame

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Bonnie Mann
Keyword(s):  
Female Subject ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feminist Philosophy ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Phenomenological Inquiry ◽  
Affective Bond ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Feminist Phenomenology ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

This essay is written in two parts. The first is a commentary on the affective politics of philosophy as a discipline. The theme here is philosophy’s reverence problem, an affective bond to the teacher and the text, which is threatened or even injured by feminist philosophy. Feminist philosophy emerges as disruptive irreverence in the midst of the discipline, and injured reverence becomes a powerful prereflective motivation for resistance to feminist thought. The second part of the essay is an exploration of the field of inquiry called feminist phenomenology. Is feminist phenomenology simply phenomenology from another point of view, that of the embodied female subject? Is it conducted, in other words, in a space beyond politics and power where the difference of this subject discloses values and meanings that have not yet been thematized in phenomenological inquiry, but which phenomenology is already competent to pursue? Or does feminist phenomenology disrupt or transform phenomenological practice as we traditionally understand it? In this paper, I claim that phenomenology must be critical in order to be feminist, that it must disrupt phenomenological practice rather than simply “applying” it to a new object, “woman.” In the work of Simone de Beauvoir we find a different phenomenological practice that feminists can count as a positive inheritance. The real difference of feminist phenomenology, however, only emerges in the practice itself. In order to capture something about this difference I take the phenomenon of shame as a case study, and compare three recent phenomenological accounts of shame.

Beauvoir, Simone de (1908–86)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Lundgren-Gothlin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Orientation ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Phenomenological Tradition ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Simone de Beauvoir, a French novelist and philosopher belonging to the existentialist-phenomenological tradition, elaborated an anthropology and ethics inspired by Kierkegaard, Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre in Pyrrhus et Cinéas (1944) and Pour une morale de l’ambiguïté (The Ethics of Ambiguity) (1947). In her comprehensive study of the situation of women, Le deuxième sexe (The Second Sex) (1949), this anthropology and ethics was developed and combined with a philosophy of history inspired by Hegel and Marx. The most prominent feature of Beauvoir’s philosophy is its ethical orientation, together with an analysis of the subordination of women. Her concept of woman as the Other is central to twentieth-century feminist theory.

“I Am Not a Feminist, But…”: How Feminism Became the F-Word

PMLA ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1735-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toril Moi
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Queer Theory ◽  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Postcolonial Feminist Theory ◽  
Postcolonial Feminist ◽  
Feminist Work

If PMIA invites us to reflect on the state of feminist theory today, it must be because there is a problem. Is feminist theory thought to be in trouble because feminism is languishing? Or because there is a problem with theory? Or—as it seems to me—both? Theory is a word usually used about work done in the poststructuralist tradition. (Luce Irigaray and Michel Foucault are “theory” Simone de Beauvoir and Ludwig Wittgenstein are not.) The poststructuralist paradigm is now exhausted. We are living through an era of “crisis,” as Thomas Kuhn would call it, an era in which the old is dying and the new has not yet been born (74–75). The fundamental assumptions of feminist theory in its various current guises (queer theory, postcolonial feminist theory, transnational feminist theory, psychoanalytic feminist theory, and so on) are still informed by some version of poststructuralism. No wonder, then, that so much feminist work today produces only tediously predictable lines of argument.

The No-Thing of God: Psychoanalysis of Religion After Lacan

2018 ◽  
pp. 570-588
Author(s):  
Richard Boothby
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Difference

This chapter traces some main lines of Jacques Lacan’s interpretation of religion and divinity, which differs significantly from Freud’s critique. Orienting ourselves with respect to what Lacan calls das Ding, the enigmatic desire of the Other, it is possible to sketch a Lacanian analysis of religion parallel to that offered by Kant in Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone. The difference is that where Kant looked to find in religious representations, especially those of Christianity, the underlying dynamics of pure rationality and of a morality founded upon it, Lacan discerns the very structure of subjectivity and its relation to the unknown Other. New perspectives are thereby opened up on a whole series of problems, including the unconscious dynamics of enjoyment, practices of sacrifice, the structural differences between various religions, and Christian doctrines of incarnation, love, and mystical unknowing.

scholarly journals O Caderno de Maya, de Isabel Allende: uma leitura por dois caminhos

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Jozefh Fernando Soares Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Jacques Lacan ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Isabel Allende ◽  
Helene Cixous ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Adrienne Rich ◽  
The One

Resumo: Este artigo tem como proposta apresentar duas trilhas de leitura analítica para a obra O Caderno de Maya (2011), da escritora chilena Isabel Allende. Se por um lado podemos ver o desenvolvimento da feminilidade da personagem por meio de sua inscrição na cultura local e pela conquista de um território feminino, por outro, podemos ver seu desenvolvimento interior, analisando a evolução de sua psique. Tais caminhos não se eliminam no decorrer da leitura e nos possibilitam ver a construção exterior e interior da personagem Maya. Neste entrelaçamento de teorias, dialogam os(as) teóricos(as) Simone de Beauvoir (2009), Hélène Cixous (2010), Luce Irigaray (1992), Jacques Lacan (1979) e Adrienne Rich (2017), entre outros(as).Palavras-chave: O Caderno de Maya; Isabel Allende; feminino; psique.Abstract: This article presents two possible ways of analyzing and reading Maya’s Notebook, by Chilean writer Isabel Allende (2011). On the one hand, we can see the development of the femininity of a character through her inscription in the local culture and the conquest of a female territory; on the other, we can see the character’s inner development, analyzing the evolution of her psyche. Such paths are not eliminated along the reading and enable us to see the external and internal of Maya’s character. In this interlink of theories, theorists such as Simone de Beauvoir (2009), Hélène Cixous (2010), Luce Irigaray (1992), Jacques Lacan (1979), and Adrienne Rich (2017), among others, dialogue. Keywords: Maya’s notebook; Isabel Allende; female; psyche. 

The Difference of Feminist Philosophy: The Case of Shame

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Bonnie Mann
Keyword(s):  
Female Subject ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feminist Philosophy ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Phenomenological Inquiry ◽  
Affective Bond ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Feminist Phenomenology ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

This essay is written in two parts. The first is a commentary on the affective politics of philosophy as a discipline. The theme here is philosophy’s reverence problem, an affective bond to the teacher and the text, which is threatened or even injured by feminist philosophy. Feminist philosophy emerges as disruptive irreverence in the midst of the discipline, and injured reverence becomes a powerful prereflective motivation for resistance to feminist thought. The second part of the essay is an exploration of the field of inquiry called feminist phenomenology. Is feminist phenomenology simply phenomenology from another point of view, that of the embodied female subject? Is it conducted, in other words, in a space beyond politics and power where the difference of this subject discloses values and meanings that have not yet been thematized in phenomenological inquiry, but which phenomenology is already competent to pursue? Or does feminist phenomenology disrupt or transform phenomenological practice as we traditionally understand it? In this paper, I claim that phenomenology must be critical in order to be feminist, that it must disrupt phenomenological practice rather than simply “applying” it to a new object, “woman.” In the work of Simone de Beauvoir we find a different phenomenological practice that feminists can count as a positive inheritance. The real difference of feminist phenomenology, however, only emerges in the practice itself. In order to capture something about this difference I take the phenomenon of shame as a case study, and compare three recent phenomenological accounts of shame.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Simone de Beauvoir's Philosophy of Individuation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hengehold
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World

Most studies of Simone de Beauvoir situate her with respect to Hegel and the tradition of 20th-century phenomenology begun by Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. This book analyzes The Second Sex in light of the concepts of becoming, problematization, and the Other found in Gilles Deleuze. Reading Beauvoir through a Deleuzian lens allows more emphasis to be placed on Beauvoir's early interest in Bergson and Leibniz, and on the individuation of consciousness, a puzzle of continuing interest to both phenomenologists and Deleuzians. By engaging with the philosophical issues in her novels and student diaries, this book rethinks Beauvoir’s focus on recognition in The Second Sex in terms of women’s struggle to individuate themselves despite sexist forms of representation. It shows how specific forms of women’s “lived experience” can be understood as the result of habits conforming to and resisting this sexist “sense.” Later feminists put forward important criticisms regarding Beauvoir’s claims not to be a philosopher, as well as the value of sexual difference and the supposedly Eurocentric universalism of her thought. Deleuzians, on the other hand, might well object to her ideas about recognition. This book attempts to address those criticisms, while challenging the historicist assumptions behind many efforts to establish Beauvoir’s significance as a philosopher and feminist thinker. As a result, readers can establish a productive relationship between Beauvoir’s “problems” and those of women around the world who read her work under very different circumstances.

Energy Approximation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Isett
Keyword(s):  
Main Lemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Continuous Solutions ◽  
Material Derivative ◽  
Energy Variation ◽  
Energy Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

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