scholarly journals Effects of in ovo interleukin-4-plasmid injection on anticoccidia immune response in a coccidia infection model of chickens

2012 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Annamalai ◽  
R.K. Selvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Plasmid Injection

Effect of in ovo copper injection on body weight, immune response, blood biochemistry and carcass traits of broiler chicks at 35 days of age

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hanan A. Hassan ◽  
A. R. Arafat ◽  
K. Y. Farroh ◽  
M. S. Bahnas ◽  
I. El-wardany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Blood Biochemistry ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
In Ovo

scholarly journals Interleukin-4 regulates proteoglycan-induced arthritis by specifically suppressing the innate immune response

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxia Cao ◽  
Frank Brombacher ◽  
Miklos Tunyogi-Csapo ◽  
Tibor T. Glant ◽  
Alison Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Interleukin 4

scholarly journals Gender Is a Major Determinant of the Clinical Evolution and Immune Response in Hamsters Infected with Leishmania spp.

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2288-2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno L. Travi ◽  
Yaneth Osorio ◽  
Peter C. Melby ◽  
Bysani Chandrasekar ◽  
Lourdes Arteaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
Leishmania Spp

ABSTRACT In regions where leishmaniasis is endemic, clinical disease is usually reported more frequently among males than females. This difference could be due to disparate risks of exposure of males and females, but gender-related differences in the host response to infection may also play a role. Experimental studies of the influence of gender on Leishmania infection have not included parasites of the subgenus Viannia, which is the most common cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas. Mice are not readily susceptible to infection by Leishmania (Viannia) spp., but cutaneous infection of hamsters with L. (V.) panamensis or L. (V.) guyanensis resulted in chronic lesions typical of the human disease caused by these parasites. Strikingly, infection of male hamsters resulted in significantly greater lesion size and severity, an increased rate of dissemination to distant cutaneous sites, and a greater parasite burden in the draining lymph node than infection in female animals. Two lines of evidence indicated this gender-related difference in disease evolution was determined at least in part by the sex hormone status of the animal. First, prepubertal male animals had smaller and/or less severe cutaneous lesions than adult male animals. Second, infection of testosterone-treated female animals resulted in significantly larger lesions than in untreated female animals. The increased severity of disease in male compared to female animals was associated with significantly greater intralesional expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P = 0.04), IL-10 (P = 0.04), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) (P < 0.001), cytokines known to promote disease in experimental leishmaniasis. There was a direct correlation between the expression of TGF-β mRNA and lesion size (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.873; P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate an inherent risk of increased disease severity in male animals, which is associated with a more permissive immune response.

scholarly journals Occurrence of foamy macrophages during the innate response of zebrafish to trypanosome infections

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sem H Jacobs ◽  
Eva Dóró ◽  
Ffion R Hammond ◽  
Mai E Nguyen-Chi ◽  
Georges Lutfalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Innate Response ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Inflammatory Profile ◽  
Foamy Macrophages

A tightly regulated innate immune response to trypanosome infections is critical to strike a balance between parasite control and inflammation-associated pathology. In this study, we make use of the recently established Trypanosoma carassii infection model in larval zebrafish to study the early response of macrophages and neutrophils to trypanosome infections in vivo. We consistently identified high- and low-infected individuals and were able to simultaneously characterize their differential innate response. Not only did macrophage and neutrophil number and distribution differ between the two groups, but also macrophage morphology and activation state. Exclusive to high-infected zebrafish, was the occurrence of foamy macrophages characterized by a strong pro-inflammatory profile and potentially associated with an exacerbated immune response as well as susceptibility to the infection. To our knowledge this is the first report of the occurrence of foamy macrophages during an extracellular trypanosome infection.

scholarly journals Leishmania donovani Secretory Mevalonate Kinase Regulates Host Immune Response and Facilitates Phagocytosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvir Bamra ◽  
Taj Shafi ◽  
Sushmita Das ◽  
Manjay Kumar ◽  
Manas Ranjan Dikhit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Mevalonate Kinase

Summary StatementLeishmania secretes over 151 proteins during in vitro cultivation. Cellular functions of one such novel protein: mevalonate kinase is discussed here; signifying its importance in Leishmania infection.Visceral Leishmaniasis is a persistent infection, caused by Leishmania donovani in Indian subcontinent. This persistence is partly due to phagocytosis and evasion of host immune response. The underlying mechanism involves secretory proteins of Leishmania parasite; however, related studies are meagre. We have identified a novel secretory Leishmania donovani glycoprotein, Mevalonate kinase (MVK), and shown its importance in parasite internalization and immuno-modulation. In our studies, MVK was found to be secreted maximum after 1 h temperature stress at 37°C. Its secretion was increased by 6.5-fold in phagolysosome-like condition (pH ~5.5, 37°C) than at pH ~7.4 and 25°C. Treatment with MVK modulated host immune system by inducing interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 secretion, suppressing host’s ability to kill the parasite. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived macrophages infected with mevalonate kinase-overexpressing parasites showed an increase in intracellular parasite burden in comparison to infection with vector control parasites. Mechanism behind the increase in phagocytosis and immunosuppression was found to be phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway protein, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2, and actin scaffold protein, cortactin. Thus, we conclude that Leishmania donovani Mevalonate kinase aids in parasite engulfment and subvert the immune system by interfering with signal transduction pathways in host cells, which causes suppression of the protective response and facilitates their persistence in the host. Our work elucidates the involvement of Leishmania in the process of phagocytosis which is thought to be dependent largely on macrophages and contributes towards better understanding of host pathogen interactions.

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