scholarly journals The Role of Water Intake on Sexual Dimorphism for Early Growth of Broilers

1986 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRY L. MARKS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Early Growth

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4620
Author(s):  
Holly J. Woodward ◽  
Dongxing Zhu ◽  
Patrick W. F. Hadoke ◽  
Victoria E. MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Primary Male

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.

scholarly journals The role of obesity in the relation between total water intake and urine osmolality in US adults, 2009–2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1554-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Y Rosinger ◽  
Hannah G Lawman ◽  
Lara J Akinbami ◽  
Cynthia L Ogden
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Intake

Abstract P199: Mas Receptor Deficiency Regulates Obesity-Hypertension and Cardiac Function in Female and Male Mice

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin C Shoemaker ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Sean Thatcher ◽  
Lisa Cassis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
Obese Male ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Cmr Imaging

Angiotensin-1-7 (Ang-(1-7)) counteracts angiotensin II through effects at Mas receptors (MasR). We demonstrated that sexual dimorphism of obesity-hypertension was associated with dysregulated production of Ang-(1-7). However, the role of MasR in sexual dimorphism of obesity-hypertension has not been examined. MasR deficient mice have also been reported to exhibit deficits in cardiac function. In this study, we hypothesized that deficiency of the MasR would differentially regulate obesity-hypertension in male versus ( vs ) female mice. In addition, we quantified effects of MasR deficiency on cardiac function in obese male mice. Male and female MasR +/+ and -/- mice were fed a low fat (LF, 10%kcal) or high fat (HF, 60% kcal) diet for 16 weeks, and blood pressure was quantified by radiotelemetry. As demonstrated previously, male MasR +/+ mice (24 hr diastolic blood pressure, DBP: LF, 90 ± 3; HF, 96 ± 2 mmHg; P<0.05), but not females (LF, 85 ± 1; HF, 85 ± 2 mmHg), developed hypertension in response to HF feeding. MasR deficiency converted female HF-fed mice to an obesity-hypertension phenotype (DBP: 92 ± 1 mmHg; P<0.05). Surprisingly, male HF-fed MasR -/- mice exhibited reduced DBP compared to HF-fed MasR +/+ males (90 ± 1 vs 96 ± 2 mmHg; P<0.05). To define mechanisms for reductions in DBP of HF-fed male MasR -/- mice, we performed cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in both genotypes at 1 month of HF feeding. MasR -/- mice had significantly reduced ejection fraction (EF) compared to MasR +/+ mice at baseline (51.4 ± 2.5 vs 59.3 ± 2.1%; P<0.05) and after one month of HF-feeding (49.8 ± 2.4 vs 52.6 ± 1.9%; P<0.05). Further, CMR imaging demonstrated a thickening of the ventricle wall in MasR -/- mice with 1 month of HF-feeding. MasR +/+ , but not MasR -/- mice, exhibited diet-induced reductions in EF (by 16%; P<0.05) at 1 month of HF feeding, which were reversed by infusion of Ang-(1-7). These results demonstrate that MasR contributes to sexual dimorphism of obesity-hypertension. Ang-(1-7) protects females from obesity-hypertension through the MasR. In contrast, reductions in DBP in obese male mice with MasR deficiency may arise from deficits in cardiac function. These results suggest that MasR agonists may be effective therapies for obesity-associated cardiovascular conditions.

Role of lateral hypothalamus on fluid, electrolyte, and cardiovascular responses to activation of the MSA

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (2) ◽  
pp. R496-R502 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Haibara ◽  
W. A. Saad ◽  
J. V. Menani ◽  
L. A. Camargo ◽  
A. Renzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Electrolytic Lesion ◽  
Opioid Agonist ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Medial Septal Area ◽  
Opiate Agonist

In this study we investigated the influence of electrolytic lesion or of opioid agonist injections into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) on the dipsogenic, natriuretic, kaliuretic, antidiuretic, pressor, and bradycardiac effects of cholinergic stimulation of the medial septal area (MSA) in rats. Sham- and LH-lesioned male Holtzman rats received a stainless steel cannula implanted into the LH. Other groups of rats had cannulas implanted simultaneously into the MSA and LH. Carbachol (2 nmol) injection into the MSA induced water intake, pressor, and bradycardic responses. LH lesion reduced all of these effects (1-3 and 15-18 days). Previous injection of synthetic opiate agonist, FK-33824 (100 ng), into the LH reduced the water intake, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and pressor responses induced by carbachol injected into the MSA. These data show that both electrolytic lesion or injection of an opiate agonist in the LH reduces the fluid-electrolyte and cardiovascular responses to cholinergic activation of the MSA. The involvement of LH with central excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms related to fluid-electrolytic and cardiovascular control is suggested.

Inhibition of water intake by the central administration of IL-1β in rats: Role of the central opioid system

Neuropeptides ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Luz ◽  
L. Andrade ◽  
N. Miranda ◽  
V. Pereira ◽  
J. Fregoneze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Opioid System ◽  
Central Administration

Water deprivation-induced drinking in rats: role of angiotensin II

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. R244-R248 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Barney ◽  
R. M. Threatte ◽  
M. J. Fregly
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Deprivation Period ◽  
Dependent Component

The role of angiotensin II in the control of water intake following deprivation of water for varying lengths of time was studied. Male rats were deprived of water for 0, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h. Water intakes were measured with and without pretreatment with the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril (50 mg/kg, ip). Captopril had no significant effect on water intake following either 0 or 12 h of water deprivation. However, captopril significantly attenuated water intake following 24-48 h of water deprivation with the magnitude of the attenuation increasing as the length of the period of water deprivation increased. Plasma renin activity was significantly increased over control levels after 24-48 h of water deprivation but not after 12 h of water deprivation. Plasma renin activity tended to increase as the length of the water-deprivation period increased. Serum osmolality and sodium concentration were significantly increased over control levels following 12-48 h of water deprivation. Serum osmolality and sodium concentration failed to show any further increases with increasing length of water deprivation beyond the increases following 12 h of water deprivation. The data indicate that the water intake of water-deprived rats can be divided into an angiotensin II-dependent component and angiotensin II-independent component. The angiotensin II-independent component appears to be more important in the early stages of water deprivation whereas the angiotensin II-dependent component becomes more important as the length of the water-deprivation period increases.

scholarly journals Testosterone and sex: the role of hormones in sexual dimorphism

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Partsch ◽  
Daniella Rodriguez ◽  
Gregory Van Dongen ◽  
Ellen Ketterson ◽  
Mark Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism

scholarly journals Sex influence on genetic expressions of early growth in Afshari lambs

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ghafouri-Kesbi ◽  
D. R. Notter
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract. Very little is known about the genetic aspects of sexual dimorphism of body weight in domestic sheep, and therefore this study was conducted to quantify the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism for early-growth-related traits in Afshari lambs. Traits evaluated included birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and growth rate (GR) in male and female lambs. Male lambs were 6.6 % heavier at birth, had 14.4 % higher preweaning growth rates and were 16.0 % heavier at weaning compared to female lambs. Levels of sexual-size dimorphism (SSD), expressed as the ratio of male to female means, for BW, WW and GR were 1.07, 1.14 and 1.15, respectively, which indicated low levels of SSD in the traits studied. Fixed effects of year of birth and type of birth interacted with sex effects, with greater variability in birth and weaning weights among years and birth types in male lambs, suggesting greater environmental sensitivity in the males. Bivariate animal models and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures were used to estimate phenotypic variances and their genetic and non-genetic components in male and female lambs. Estimates of the direct heritability (h2) and additive coefficient of variation (CVA) for BW were higher in males. However, for WW and GR, heritability estimates were higher in females. In contrast, whereas the contribution of maternal permanent environmental effects (c2) to variation of BW was higher in females, for WW and GR higher estimates of c2 were observed in males. Respective genetic and maternal permanent environmental correlations between records on males and females were 0.986 and 0.723 for BW, 0.995 and 0.983 for WW, and 0.995 and 0.966 for GR, indicating possible sexual dimorphism only for maternal effects on BW. Based on an approximate 95 % confidence interval, none of the observed differences in variance components between sexes differed from zero and none of the observed genetic or maternal correlations differed from 1.0, indicating no need or opportunity for sex-specific selection strategies.

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