scholarly journals Body Temperature and Blood Chemistry Responses in Broiler Cockerels Given a Single Intravenous Injection of Na+ or Ca++ Before an Acute Heating Episode

1976 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 2248-2255 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Edens
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection

RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF GROWTH HORMONE FROM THE PLASMA OF RATS AFTER A SINGLE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

1955 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. Gemzell ◽  
Frank Heijkenskjöld ◽  
Lars Ström
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection

The Distribution of [14C]Cholesterol in Muscle and Skin of Rhesus Monkeys after Intravenous Injection

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
C. D. Moutafis ◽  
N. B. Myant
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Compartment System ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Small Pool ◽  
Slow Turnover

1. The specific radioactivity of [14C]cholesterol in plasma and in serial biopsies of muscle and skin was measured in Rhesus monkeys for 156 days after a single intravenous injection of [14C]cholesterol. 2. Analysis of the specific radioactivity—time curves in terms of a two-compartment system indicated that all the cholesterol of muscle is exchangeable with the plasma cholesterol and that local synthesis does not contribute significantly to the cholesterol in muscle. 3. Analysis of the curve for specific radioactivity of skin cholesterol suggested the presence of a small pool of cholesterol with slow turnover. A contribution to skin cholesterol from local synthesis could not be excluded.

Fever and thermogenesis in response to bacterial endotoxin involve macrophage-dependent mechanisms in rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (5) ◽  
pp. R1179-R1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Derijk ◽  
P. J. Strijbos ◽  
N. van Rooijen ◽  
N. J. Rothwell ◽  
F. Berkenbosch
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
Selective Elimination ◽  
Colonic Temperature ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Intact Rats

Increases in thermogenesis and body temperature (fever) frequently accompany infection or injury and are thought to be mediated by endogenous pyrogens (e.g. cytokines), which are released from activated immune cells such as macrophages. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of selective elimination of peripheral macrophages on the changes in oxygen consumption (VO2) and colonic temperature in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rat. Peripheral macrophages were depleted by intravenous injection of liposomes containing the drug dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP). Resting oxygen consumption and colonic temperatures were not affected by macrophage elimination. In intact rats, peripheral injection of LPS (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) elicited an increase in colonic temperature and in oxygen consumption that declined at higher doses (2.5 mg/kg). The pyrogenic and thermogenic responses to LPS were significantly attenuated in rats in which peripheral macrophages were eliminated. Previously, we have reported that elimination of macrophages blunts the plasma interleukin-1 (IL-1) response to LPS. Here we show that elimination of macrophages does not affect the increase in plasma IL-6 concentrations in response to LPS. These data indicate that the pyrogenic and thermogenic responses to LPS are at least in part dependent on mechanisms involving peripheral macrophages, and that peripherally produced IL-1 rather than IL-6 may be an important mediator of the changes in oxygen consumption and colonic temperature in response to LPS.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Residues of Sulfathiazole and Sulfamethazine in Pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 796-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIEVE S. G. VAN POUCKE ◽  
CARLOS H. VAN PETEGHEM
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Absolute Bioavailability ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Residue Study

The plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of sulfathiazole (ST) and sulfamethazine (SM) after intravenous and intramuscular injection in pigs were studied. Following a single intravenous dose of 40 mg ST/kg of bodyweight or 80 mg SM/kg of bodyweight, the plasma ST and SM concentrations were best fitted to a two-compartment model. The areas under the curve were 447 ± 39 and 1485 ± 41 mg/h/L, clearances were 0.090 ± 0.007 and 0.054 ± 0.001 L/kg/h, volumes of distribution were 1.16 ± 0.16 and 0.77 ± 0.06 L/kg, half-lifes in distribution phase were l.18 ± 0.57 and 0.23 ± 0.16 h and half-lifes in eliminations phase were 9.0 ± l.6 and 9.8 ± 0.6 h. When the two compounds were administered simultaneously as a single intravenous injection, the pharmacokinetic parameters for ST were not significantly different. The values for SM show statistical differences for some important parameters: α, β and the AUC0–>∞ were significantly decreased and t1/2α, Vd and CIB were significantly increased. It can be concluded that after a single intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg, sulfathiazole has a high tl/2β resulting in higher tissue concentrations. This half-life, which is higher than what is reported in the literature, is not influenced by the simultaneous presence of sulfamethazine. The tl/2β for sulfamethazine after a single intravenous injection of 80 mg/kg is comparable to the data from the literature and is not influenced by the presence of sulfathiazole. Sulfathiazole and SM were also administered simultaneously as an intramuscular injection to healthy pigs at a dosage of 40 and 80 mg/kg bodyweight. Pharmacokinetic experiments were conducted on three pigs. From this pharmacokinetic study it can be concluded that upon a single intramuscular administration of 40 mg/kg of ST and 80 mg/kg of SM the absolute bioavailability in pigs is 0.92 ± 0.04 for ST and l.01 ± 0.07 for SM. Six pigs received five intramuscular im) injections as a single dose of ST and SM every 24 h for five consecutive days for the residue study. The pigs were slaughtered at different times after the last dose was given and samples were taken from various tissues and organs. Concentrations were determined by a microbiological method and a HPTLC method. No edible tissue contained more than 100 μg/kg of the individual sulfonamides after 10 days of withdrawal. It means that adult animals which have a shorter half-life and thus lower tissue concentrations will certainly meet the economic community EC) maximum residue limits after a 10 days withdrawal period.

scholarly journals Sleep-promoting effects of endogenous pyrogen (interleukin-1)

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (6) ◽  
pp. R994-R999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Krueger ◽  
J. Walter ◽  
C. A. Dinarello ◽  
S. M. Wolff ◽  
L. Chedid
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
Endogenous Pyrogen ◽  
Temperature Heating ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Pyrogenic Activity

When infused into the lateral cerebral ventricles of rabbits, human endogenous pyrogen (EP) preparations induced dose-dependent increases in slow-wave sleep concomitant with increasing body temperature. Heating EP to 70 degrees C destroyed its sleep-promoting and pyrogenic activity. Anisomycin (an antipyretic) prevented EP from increasing body temperature without affecting its sleep-promoting activity. Intravenous injection of EP induced fever and transient increases in slow-wave sleep but failed to induce prolonged increases in slow-wave sleep. We conclude that the somnogenic activity of EP is not secondary to its pyrogenic activity.

scholarly journals Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on fever and neutrophilia induced byClostridium difficiletoxin B

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Cardoso ◽  
A. A. Melo Filho ◽  
M. C. C. Melo ◽  
D. M. Lyerly ◽  
T. D. Wilkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study investigated the ability ofClostridium difficiletoxin B, isolated from the VPI 10463 strain, to induce fever and neutrophilia in rats. Intravenous injection of toxin B (0.005–0.5 μg/kg) evoked a dose-dependent increase in body temperature. The febrile response to 0.5 μg/kg of the toxin started in 2.5 h, peaked at 5 h, and subsided fully within 24 h. Toxin B also induced a dosedependent neutrophilia. Pretreatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the neutrophilia induced by toxin B, but significantly reduced the febrile response measured 4 to 8 h after toxin B injection. Dexamethasone (0.5 mg/ kg) also markedly diminished the febrile response induced by toxin B. These results show thatClostridium difficiletoxin B induced a febrile response susceptible to inhibition by dexamethasone and indomethacin. Furthermore, they suggest that prostaglandins are not involved in the neutrophilia caused by this toxin.

Disappearance of 125I-Labelled and Unlabelled Insulins from Blood in Normal and Injured Rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-392
Author(s):  
K. N. Frayn
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Bovine Insulin ◽  
Simultaneous Administration ◽  
Bilateral Nephrectomy ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Ether Anaesthesia ◽  
Scald Injury ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Native Insulin

1. The disappearance from blood of either 125I-labelled bovine insulin or unlabelled rat insulin after a single intravenous injection has been studied in rats. 2. The disappearance of the labelled insulin was slower than that of native insulin. 3. Ether anaesthesia produced a significant impairment, and bilateral nephrectomy a very marked impairment, of disappearance of the labelled insulin, suggesting that changes in the removal of this tracer may nevertheless parallel changes in the metabolism of native insulin. 4. Simultaneous intravenous injection of unlabelled bovine insulin (1 unit/kg) did not affect disappearance of the labelled insulin. 5. A 20% full-thickness scald injury, produced 2 h previously, had no significant effect on disappearance of the labelled insulin, either with or without the simultaneous administration of unlabelled bovine insulin. 6. The disappearance of unlabelled rat insulin from plasma was also similar in control and scalded rats. 7. It was concluded that the half-life of plasma insulin in the rat, as estimated by either of the techniques used, is not significantly affected by this severe non-haemorrhagic injury.

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