scholarly journals Nicotine Biosynthesis in Nicotiana: A Metabolic Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Fleig Zenkner ◽  
Márcia Margis-Pinheiro ◽  
Alexandro Cagliari
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Pyridine Ring ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Alkaloid Production ◽  
Pyrrolidine Ring ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Nicotine Biosynthesis

Alkaloids are important compounds found in Nicotiana plants, essential in plant defense against herbivores. The main alkaloid of Nicotiana tabacum, nicotine, is produced in roots and translocated to the leaves. Nicotine is formed by a pyrrolidine and a pyridine ring in a process involving several enzymes. The pyridine ring of nicotine is derived from nicotinic acid, whereas the pyrrolidine ring originates from polyamine putrescine metabolism. After synthesis in root cortical cells, a set of transporters is known to transport nicotine upward to the aerial part and store it in leaf vacuoles. Moreover, nicotine can be metabolized in leaves, giving rise to nornicotine through the N-demethylation process. Some Nicotiana wild species produce acyltransferase enzymes, which allow the plant to make N-acyl-nornicotine, an alkaloid with more potent insecticidal properties than nicotine. However, although we can find a wealth of information about the alkaloid production in Nicotiana spp., our understanding about nicotine biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism is still incomplete. This review will summarize these pathways on the basis on recent literature, as well as highlighting questions that need further investigation.

scholarly journals Characterization of cDNA for PMT: a Partial Nicotine Biosynthesis-Related Gene Isolated from Indonesian Local Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Sindoro1)

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
SESANTI BASUKI ◽  
NURHAJATI MATTJIK ◽  
DESTA WIRNAS ◽  
SUWARSO ◽  
SUDARSONO
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Nicotine Biosynthesis

scholarly journals Jasmonate mediates salt-induced nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Chen ◽  
Xiaoming Zhang ◽  
Aiqun Jia ◽  
Gang Xu ◽  
Hong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Nicotine Biosynthesis

scholarly journals The Biological Degradation of Nicotine by Nicotinophilic Microorganisms

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Eberhardt
Keyword(s):  
Pyridine Ring ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Pyrrolidine Ring ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Enzymatic Systems ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Tobacco Alkaloids

AbstractVarious microorganisms are capable of breaking down tobacco alkaloids by different biochemical processes and possess characteristic enzymatic systems for the catabolism of nicotine. Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and the fungus Cunninghamellaechinulata degrade nicotine via N-methylmyosmine and pseudooxynicotine which is linked to the opening of the pyrrolidine ring (pyrrolidine pathway), whereas Arthrobacteroxidanshydroxylates the pyridine ring in the 6-position. 6-hydroxynicotine is produced as a primary product (pyridine pathway). Tobacco plants, and some fungi (e.g. Pelliculariafilamentosa) degrade nicotine via demethylation to nornicotine (methyl pathway). As a result of the microbial degradation of nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, carbon and nitrogen are made bioavailable. Following metabolic conversion to carboxylic acids, the reaction products are used by unicellular organisms as primary nutrients and a source of energy for the synthesis of new cell compounds.

scholarly journals Increased Leaf Nicotine Content by Targeting Transcription Factor Gene Expression in Commercial Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Liu ◽  
Tatyana I. Kotova ◽  
Michael P. Timko
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Nicotine Biosynthesis ◽  
High Level

Nicotine, the most abundant pyridine alkaloid in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), is a potent inhibitor of insect and animal herbivory and a neurostimulator of human brain function. Nicotine biosynthesis is controlled developmentally and can be induced by abiotic and biotic stressors via a jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signal transduction mechanism involving members of the APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) families. AP2/ERF and bHLH TFs work combinatorically to control nicotine biosynthesis and its subsequent accumulation in tobacco leaves. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of the tobacco NtERF32, NtERF221/ORC1, and NtMYC2a TFs leads to significant increases in nicotine accumulation in T2 transgenic K326 tobacco plants before topping. Up to 9-fold higher nicotine production was achieved in transgenics overexpressing NtERF221/ORC1 under the control of a constitutive GmUBI3 gene promoter compared to wild-type plants. The constitutive 2XCaMV35S promoter and a novel JA-inducible 4XGAG promoter were less effective in driving high-level nicotine formation. Methyljasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment further elevated nicotine production in all transgenic lines. Our results show that targeted manipulation of NtERF221/ORC1 is an effective strategy for elevating leaf nicotine levels in commercial tobacco for use in the preparation of reduced risk tobacco products for smoking replacement therapeutics.

Deuterium isotope effects in Nicotiana tabacum

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2128-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Uphaus ◽  
Martin I. Blake ◽  
Joseph J. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Alkaloid Production ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Growth Development

The effects of increasing concentrations of heavy water (2H2O) on the growth, development, morphology, and transpiration patterns in Nicotiana tabacum L. were studied throughout the life cycle of the plant. The higher deuterium levels caused a marked reduction in size and flowering, together with extensive tissue necrosis. These observations are consistent with the literature on the effects of deuterium on plant development. The present study showed a deleterious effect of deuterium on alkaloid production, associated with heightened transpiration rates and decreased fractionation of carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. All of the observed effects are consistent with the established view of deuterium as a nonspecific chaotropic agent, whose effects are evident at every level of plant organization.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes Involved in the Regulation of Nicotine Biosynthesis at Early Time Points after Topping in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Qin ◽  
Shenglong Bai ◽  
Wenzheng Li ◽  
Ting Sun ◽  
David W. Galbraith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Nicotine Biosynthesis

Abstract Background： Nicotiana tabacum is an important economic crop. Topping, a common agricultural practice employed with flue-cured tobacco, is designed to increase leaf nicotine contents. Many genes are found to be differentially expressed in response to topping, particularly genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis, but comprehensive analyses of early transcriptional responses induced by topping are not yet available. To develop a detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating nicotine biosynthesis after topping, we have sequenced the transcriptomes of N. tabacum roots at seven time points following topping. Results： Differential expression analysis revealed that 4,830 genes respond to topping across all time points. Amongst these, nine gene families involved in nicotine biosynthesis and two gene families involved in nicotine transport showed significant changes during the immediate 24 hour period following topping. No obvious preference to the parental species was detected in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Significant changes in transcript levels of nine genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis and phytohormone signal transduction were validated by qRT-PCR assays. 549 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), found to exhibit significant changes in gene expression after topping, formed 15 clusters based on similarities of their transcript level time-course profiles. 336 DEGs involved in phytohormone signal transduction, including genes functionally related to the phytohormones jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, auxin, ethylene, and gibberellin, were identified at the earliest time point after topping. Conclusions： Our research provides the first detailed analysis of the early transcriptional responses to topping in N. tabacum , and identifies excellent candidates for further detailed studies concerning the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco roots.

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