scholarly journals Analysis of Variability in Curing Conditions and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Within Barns of Dark Air-Cured Tobacco

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Mitchell D. Richmond ◽  
Robert C. Pearce ◽  
Ben M. Goff ◽  
William A. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Variety Selection ◽  
Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines

Significant variability in cured-leaf tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) content is commonly observed when sampling within dark air-curing barns. This variability may be due to inconsistency in the curing environment within different areas of the barn. A study was initiated in 2012, through support from a CORESTA Study Grant, to evaluate if cured-leaf TSNA content is related to microenvironmental conditions in the barn. Low-converter (TRsc) and high-converter (TRHC) selections of TR Madole dark tobacco were air cured in barns near Princeton and Lexington, KY. Temperature and relative humidity were measured with data loggers placed at 27 different locations within each barn for the duration of curing. There were no significant effects of individual data logger placement in either variety selection on hours above 24°C temperature, hours above 80% relative humidity, or TSNA; therefore, we investigated these data within the 3-dimensional aspects of tier, room, and bent within each barn. There were various effects of tier, room, and bent on temperature, relative humidity, and TSNA. Temperature data followed an understandable pattern across tiers in the barn within each year and location; however, relative humidity and TSNA were more difficult to characterize adequately. There was a significant relationship between hours above 24°C and TSNA, but not hours above 80% relative humidity. This study has shown that the effect of within-barn position on TSNA cannot be easily predicted.

scholarly journals Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA) During Air-Curing: Conditions and Control

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Staaf ◽  
S Back ◽  
A Wiernik ◽  
I Wahlberg ◽  
RC Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe present review deals with studies performed during several consecutive years on the effect of air-curing on tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) formation and quality of tobacco. Temperature, relative humidity, water content and water activity data were collected during curing of dark tobacco in traditional air-curing barns and bulk-curing barns of different sizes, and chemical analysis of the cured tobacco were performed.

Phenology and ecology of hibernation in spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) near the northern limit of their range

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1348-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline D Litzgus ◽  
Jon P Costanzo ◽  
Ronald J Brooks ◽  
Richard E Lee, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Rock Cavern ◽  
Clemmys Guttata ◽  
Radio Transmitters

Using mark-recapture techniques, temperature-sensitive radio transmitters, and miniature temperature data loggers we investigated the hibernation ecology of northern temperate zone spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) in Georgian Bay, Ontario, over 4 winters (1993-1997). We observed 18 hibernacula that were occupied by 34 turtles; 11 hibernacula were apparently occupied by single turtles, and 7 were used communally by up to 9 individuals. Hibernacula were located in swamps and were of 2 types: sphagnum moss hummock (n = 15) and rock cavern (n = 3). Almost half of the individuals (16 of 34) used the same hibernaculum in at least 2 winters. Turtles entered hibernacula between mid-September and October, when their body temperature was between 12 and 16°C, and exited them in mid to late April, when ambient temperatures ranged between 1 and 5°C. A waterproof temperature data logger attached to a turtle indicated that this turtle was protected from freezing in a thermally stable hibernaculum (body temperature range 0.3-3.9°C) despite highly variable (a 37°C change over 5 days) and low air temperatures (minimum -35°C). Loss of body mass (2%) during hibernation was not significant. We observed no mortality within hibernacula over the 4 winters; however, 3 turtles were destroyed by predators near the hibernacula. These data provide insight into the role of climate in limiting the northern distribution of this species.

An Automated Data Logger for Simultaneously Recording Amphibian Vocalizations with Weather Variables

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Meek
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Data Loggers

Understanding the environmental triggers for the calling behaviour of fauna is an important element of biological and ecological knowledge necessary for devising better monitoring and management strategies for wildlife. Amphibians calling is seasonal and in Australia, mostly limited to Spring-Summer (October-March). An investigation was instigated following numerous records of the Sphagnum Frog Philoria sphagnicola calling during periods outside (July) of the standard survey season (August-December). In response to this observation, a data logger was designed and programmed to detect only the calls of P. sphagnicola. At hourly intervals, the data logger recorded the number of frog calls, mean ambient temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, water temperature and barometric pressure. This device differs from data loggers used in other anuran studies in its capacity to record only those calls of the species that it is programmed to detect. Furthermore, the data logger simultaneously records vital environmental variables that are important in trying to decipher the single or multiple factors that may stimulate calling behaviour.

scholarly journals An Open-Source, Durable, and Low-Cost Alternative to Commercially Available Soil Temperature Data Loggers

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Salvatore R. Curasi ◽  
Ian Klupar ◽  
Michael M. Loranty ◽  
Adrian V. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Data Logger

Soil temperatures play an important role in determining the distribution and function of organisms. However, soil temperature is decoupled from air temperature and varies widely in space. Characterizing and predicting soil temperature requires large and expensive networks of data loggers. We developed an open-source soil temperature data logger and created online resources to ensure our design was accessible. We tested data loggers constructed by students, with little prior electronics experience, in the lab, and in the field in Alaska. The do-it-yourself (DIY) data logger was comparably accurate to a commercial system with a mean absolute error of 2% from −20–0 °C and 1% from 0–20 °C. They captured accurate soil temperature data and performed reliably in the field with less than 10% failing in the first year of deployment. The DIY loggers were ~1.7–7 times less expensive than commercial systems. This work has the potential to increase the spatial resolution of soil temperature monitoring and serve as a powerful educational tool. The DIY soil temperature data logger will reduce data collection costs and improve our understanding of species distributions and ecological processes. It also provides an educational resource to enhance STEM, accessibility, inclusivity, and engagement.

EL NINO RELATED CLIMATE AND DENGUE FEVER CASES IN JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MASROOR ALI KHAN ◽  
KHALID AL GHAMDI ◽  
JAZEM A. MEHYOUB ◽  
RAKHSHAN KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
The Relationship

The focus of this study is to find the relationship between El Nino and dengue fever cases in the study area.Mosquito density was recorded with the help of light traps and through aspirators collection. Climate data were obtained from National Meteorology and Environment centre. (Year wise El Nino and La Nina data are according to NOAA & Golden Gate Weather Services). Statistical methods were used to establish the correlation coefficient between different factors. A high significant relationship was observed between Relative Humidity and Dengue fever cases, but Aedes abundance had no significant relationship with either Relative humidity and Temperature. Our conclusion is that the El Nino does not affect the dengue transmission and Aedes mosquito abundance in this region, which is supported by earlier works.

scholarly journals Thermolabile drug storage in an ambulatory setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando do Pazo-Oubiña ◽  
Bartomeu Alorda-Ladaria ◽  
Ana Gomez-Lobon ◽  
Bàrbara Boyeras-Vallespir ◽  
María Margalida Santandreu-Estelrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Ambulatory Setting ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Ambulatory Patients ◽  
Clinical Consequences

AbstractMore thermolabile drugs are becoming available, and in most cases, these medications are dispensed to ambulatory patients. However, there is no regulation once medications are dispensed to patients and little is known with regard to what happens during transport and home storage. Previous studies suggest that these drugs are improperly stored. The present study was designed to determine the storage conditions of thermolabile drugs once they are dispensed to the patient in the Hospital Pharmacy Department. This is a prospective observational study to assess the temperature profile of 7 thermolabile drugs once they are dispensed to ambulatory patients at a tertiary care hospital. A data logger was added to the medication packaging. Temperature was considered inappropriate if one of the following circumstances were met: any temperature record less than or equal to 0 °C or over 25 °C; temperatures between 0–2 or 8–25 °C for a continuous period over 30 min. The time series of temperature measurements obtained from each data logger were analyzed as statistically independent variables. The data shown did not undergo any statistical treatment and must be considered directly related to thermal measurements. One hundred and fourteen patients were included and 107 patients were available for the analysis. On the whole, a mean of 50.6 days (SD 18.3) were measured and the mean temperature was 6.88 °C (SD 2.93). Three data loggers (2.8%) maintained all the measurements between 2 and 8 °C with less than 3 continuous data (< 30 min) out of this range but no data over 25 °C or below or equal to 0 °C. 28 (26.2%) data loggers had at least one measurement below zero, 1 data logger had a measurement greater than 25 °C and 75 (70.1%) were between 0 and 2 °C and/or between 8 and 25 °C for more than 30 min. In conclusion, once dispensed to patients, most thermolabile drugs are improperly stored. Future studies should focus on clinical consequences and possible solutions.

scholarly journals Association between meteorological factors and reported cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease from 2000 to 2015 in Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (14) ◽  
pp. 2896-2911 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SUMI ◽  
S. TOYODA ◽  
K. KANOU ◽  
T. FUJIMOTO ◽  
K. MISE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to clarify the association between hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics and meteorological conditions. We used HFMD surveillance data of all 47 prefectures in Japan from January 2000 to December 2015. Spectral analysis was performed using the maximum entropy method (MEM) for temperature-, relative humidity-, and total rainfall-dependent incidence data. Using MEM-estimated periods, long-term oscillatory trends were calculated using the least squares fitting (LSF) method. The temperature and relative humidity thresholds of HFMD data were estimated from the LSF curves. The average temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 12 °C and a higher threshold at 30 °C for risk of HFMD infection. Maximum and minimum temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 6 °C and a higher threshold at 35 °C, suggesting a need for HFMD control measures at temperatures between 6 and 35 °C. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of maximum and minimum temperatures rather than the average temperature, to estimate the temperature threshold of HFMD infections. The results obtained might aid in the prediction of epidemics and preparation for the effect of climatic changes on HFMD epidemiology.

scholarly journals Monitoring tidal hydrology in coastal wetlands with the Mini Buoy: applications for mangrove restoration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Balke ◽  
Alejandra Vovides ◽  
Christian Schwarz ◽  
Gail L. Chmura ◽  
Cai Ladd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Mangrove Restoration ◽  
Restoration Planning ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Intertidal Wetlands ◽  
Tidal Hydrology

Abstract. Acquiring in-situ data of tidal flooding is key for the successful restoration planning of intertidal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves. However, monitoring spatially explicit inundation time series and tidal currents can be costly and technically challenging. With the increasing availability of low-cost sensors and data loggers, customized solutions can now be designed to monitor intertidal hydrodynamics with direct applications for restoration and management. In this study, we present the design, calibration, and application of the Mini Buoy, a low-cost bottom-mounted float containing an acceleration data logger for monitoring tidal inundation characteristics and current velocities derived from single-axis equilibrium acceleration (i.e. logger tilt). The acceleration output of the Mini Buoys was calibrated against water-level and current velocity data in the hypertidal Bay of Fundy, Canada, and in a tidally reconnected former aquaculture pond complex in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Key parameters, such as submersion time and current velocities during submergence can be determined over several months using the Mini Buoy. An open-source application was developed to generate ecologically meaningful hydrological information from the Mini Buoy data for mangrove restoration planning. We present this specific SE Asian mangrove restoration application alongside a flexible concept design for the Mini Buoy to be customized for research and management of intertidal wetlands worldwide.

scholarly journals Monitoring tidal hydrology in coastal wetlands with the “Mini Buoy”: applications for mangrove restoration

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 1229-1244
Author(s):  
Thorsten Balke ◽  
Alejandra Vovides ◽  
Christian Schwarz ◽  
Gail L. Chmura ◽  
Cai Ladd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Mangrove Restoration ◽  
Restoration Planning ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Intertidal Wetlands ◽  
Tidal Hydrology

Abstract. Acquiring in situ data of tidal flooding is key for the successful restoration planning of intertidal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves. However, monitoring spatially explicit inundation time series and tidal currents can be costly and technically challenging. With the increasing availability of low-cost sensors and data loggers, customized solutions can now be designed to monitor intertidal hydrodynamics with direct applications for restoration and management. In this study, we present the design, calibration, and application of the “Mini Buoy”, a low-cost underwater float containing an acceleration data logger for monitoring tidal inundation characteristics and current velocities derived from single-axis equilibrium acceleration (i.e. logger tilt). The acceleration output of the Mini Buoys was calibrated against water-level and current-velocity data in the hypertidal Bay of Fundy, Canada, and in a tidally reconnected former aquaculture pond complex in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Key parameters, such as submersion time and current velocities during submergence, can be determined over several months using the Mini Buoy. An open-source application was developed to generate ecologically meaningful hydrological information from the Mini Buoy data for mangrove restoration planning. We present this specific SE Asian mangrove restoration application alongside a flexible concept design for the Mini Buoy to be customized for research and management of intertidal wetlands worldwide.

scholarly journals NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database – a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Juliussen ◽  
H. H. Christiansen ◽  
G. S. Strand ◽  
S. Iversen ◽  
K. Midttømme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal State ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Ground Temperature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Project ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Data Loggers

Abstract. NORPERM – The Norwegian Permafrost Database was developed at the Geological Survey of Norway during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2009 as the main data legacy of the IPY research project Permafrost Observatory Project: A Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP NORWAY). This paper describes the structural and technical design of NORPERM. NORPERM follows the IPY data policy of open, free, full and timely release of IPY data, and the borehole metadata description follows the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) standard. The ground temperature data infrastructure in Norway and Svalbard is also presented, focussing on the TSP NORWAY permafrost observatory installations in the North Scandinavian Permafrost Observatory and Nordenskiöld Land Permafrost Observatory, as the data providers for NORPERM. Further developments of the database, possibly towards a regional database for the Nordic area, are also discussed. The purpose of NORPERM is to store ground temperature data safely and in a standard format for use in future research. NORPERM stores temperature time series from various depths in boreholes and from the air, snow cover, ground-surface or upper ground layer recorded by miniature temperature data-loggers, and temperature profiles with depth in boreholes obtained by occasional manual logging. It contains all the temperature data from the TSP NORWAY research project, totalling 32 boreholes and 98 sites with miniature temperature data-loggers for continuous monitoring of micrometeorological conditions, and 6 temperature depth profiles obtained by manual borehole logging. The amount of data in the database will gradually increase as data from older, previous projects are added. NORPERM also provides links to near real-time permafrost temperatures obtained by GSM data transfer.

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