scholarly journals Synergistic effect of plant extracts and fungicide against purple blotch disease of onion

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Kalsoom ◽  
Sobia Chohan ◽  
Muhammad Saleem Haider ◽  
Muhammad Abid
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Program Cost ◽  
Agriculture Industry

Onion is widely cultivated crop and attacked by different fungi. Purple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri is a continuous threat to Pakistan agriculture industry for the last few years. Generally, fungicides give satisfactory control but due to the environmental concerns, their use should be restricted. In integrated disease management program, cost effective and eco-friendly approach is used to cope with plant pathogens. Therefore, the present study was planned to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of different plants extracts such as Pongamia pinnata, Polyalthia longifolia, Cassia fistula, and Citrus sinensis against A. porri alone as well as synergistically with different concentrations of Mancozeb under in vitro conditions. Methanolic leaves extracts of these plants were mixed with different concentrations (25, 50, and 75%) of fungicide and screened via poisoned food technique to measure percent inhibition of fungal growth. The results indicated that plant extracts alone gave appreciable amount of fungal reduction but when used in combination with fungicide, performed best. Among them P. longifolia gave 73%inhibition, C. sinensis 49%, P. pinnata 70%and Cassia fistula showed46% inhibition respectively. In combination with fungicide, 25% of recommended dose, P. longifolia gave 82.93%, P. pinnata gave 77.07 %, C. sinensis 73.17% and C. fistula gave 62.92% inhibition as compared to control against A. porri. With the increase of fungicide in combination, more reduction in the fungal growth was observed. It is concluded that extracts can be used synergistically with fungicides. The combinations will protect the environment by reducing the amount of fungicide

scholarly journals Role of botanical plant extracts to control plant pathogens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debjani Choudhury ◽  
Prerna Dobhal ◽  
Seweta Srivastava ◽  
Soumen Saha and Susamoy Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals

Agricultural and horticultural crops are spoiled by various fungi causing economic losses, and health risk to the consumers due to mycotoxins produced by fungi. The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals led to development of resistance in plants which has necessitated utilization of higher concentrations, with the consequent rise in toxicity in food products. In ecosystem plants are surrounded by various enemies which defend themselves by producing secondary metabolites like terpenes, phenols and nitrogen and sulphur compounds. A new approach to control the pathogens which hampers quality food production has been implemented by the application of plant extract. Various studies have explained that plant extracts contain sundry of bioactive components that can control the fungal growth. The aim of this article is to summarize the results of in vitro experiments from the various literatures regarding the effects of plant-derived compounds for controlling growth of fungi.

scholarly journals Investigating Useful Properties of Four Streptomyces Strains Active against Fusarium graminearum Growth and Deoxynivalenol Production on Wheat Grains by qPCR

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Elena Maria Colombo ◽  
Andrea Kunova ◽  
Claudio Gardana ◽  
Cristina Pizzatti ◽  
Paolo Simonetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Streptomyces Spp ◽  
Dual Plate

Streptomyces spp. can be exploited as biocontrol agents (BCAs) against plant pathogens such as Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and against the contamination of grains with deoxynivalenol (DON). In the present research, four Streptomyces strains active against F. graminearum in dual plate assays were characterized for their ability to colonize detached wheat grains in the presence of F. graminearum and to limit DON production. The pathogen and BCA abundance were assessed by a quantitative real-time PCR, while DON production was assessed by HPLC quantification and compared to ergosterol to correlate the toxin production to the amount of fungal mycelium. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production were assessed with both co-inoculation and late inoculation of the BCAs in vitro (three days post-Fusarium inoculation) to test the interaction between the fungus and the bacteria. The level of inhibition of the pathogen and the toxin production were strain-specific. Overall, a higher level of DON inhibition (up to 99%) and a strong reduction in fungal biomass (up to 71%) were achieved when streptomycetes were co-inoculated with the fungus. This research enabled studying the antifungal efficacy of the four Streptomyces strains and monitoring their development in DON-inducing conditions.

scholarly journals Assessment of Plant Extracts and their In vitro Efficacy against Potato Early Blight Incited by Alternaria solani

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1591-1601
Author(s):  
Sumit Kumar ◽  
Ram Chandra ◽  
Lopamudra Behera
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
Percent Concentration

Botanicals obtained from the plants are well known for the suppression of inimical plant pathogens. The present study explores the efficacy of five locally available plant extracts for their antifungal activity against the early blight of potato incited by Alternaria solani. The extracts include Datura stramonium, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, and Lantana camara. All extracts reduced mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. solani. In vitro studies showed that extracts obtained from A. sativum and A. indica have significant inhibition of mycelial growth of A. solani (88.80 and 86.62 percent) at 20 percent concentration. Higher concentrations of A. sativum extract caused a higher reduction of A. solani radial growth on potato dextrose agar medium. Extracts obtained from A. sativum and A. indica at 20 percent concentration, were found most effective for inhibition of conidial germination (85.50 and 80.04 percent) respectively of A. solani. Observations by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed dramatic alteration in A. solani hyphae collapsed and spores shrinked when treated with extract of A. sativum at a 20 per cent concentration. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of various phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols was showed A. sativum extract better than all the other plant extracts. Observation also revealed that 20 percent concentration of garlic extract has potential to inhibit to A. solani.

Morphology characterization and in vitro study of bio agents, plant extracts and chemicals against Pestalotiopsis mangiferae in Manipur

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Ch. Inao Khaba ◽  
Bireswar Sinha ◽  
Marjit Chandam ◽  
P. D. Nath
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Penicillium Citrinum ◽  
Trichoderma Atroviride ◽  
Hypocrea Lixii ◽  
Sweet Flag ◽  
Morphology Characterization

A study was conducted in vitro condition to analyse the morphology and efficacy of bio agent, plant extract and some chemical against P. mangiferae which was collected from different districts of Manipur. The morphological characters under study consist of colony and conidial characteristics such as colour, shape, size and appendages. The cultural growth colour of P. mangiferae on PDA varied from concolour to versicolour fuliginous. The conidial shape varied from oval and spherical to elliptical with prominent appendages. The conidial length and widths were 22.9 and 5.7 μm respectively. The diseased sample which was collected from different district of Manipur consists of three septation and the number of conidial appendages was found 2-3 numbers. Among seven antagonists namely Penicillium citrinum, Trichoderma atroviride, T. ovalisporum, Hypocrea lixii, T. harzianum (69 and 131) and T. asperellum evaluatedin vitro, T. asperellum showed the best in inhibiting the growth of the fungus (85.8%). Among three plant extracts viz. garlic, neem and sweet flag evaluated in vitro, garlic extract (3.0%) showed the best result (100.0%). Among the seven chemicals viz. carbendazim, thiophenate methyl, mancozeb, imidacloprid, fipronil, profenophos and thiomethoxam evaluated in vitro, thiophenate methyl (0.05%) and carbendazim (0.05%) showed the best result with 100.0 percent inhibition in fungal growth.

scholarly journals Electrospun Polymer-Fungicide Nanocomposites for Grapevine Protection

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3673
Author(s):  
Nasko Nachev ◽  
Mariya Spasova ◽  
Petya Tsekova ◽  
Nevena Manolova ◽  
Iliya Rashkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

Nowadays, diseases in plants are a worldwide problem. Fungi represent the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. Esca is a grapevine disease caused mainly by fungal pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (P. chlamydospora) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (P. aleophilum). The currently proposed methods to fight esca are not curative. In this study, polymer composites based on biodegradable polymer containing chemical fungicides with antifungal activity were successfully prepared by electrospinning. The obtained materials were hydrophobic with good mechanical properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that the fungicide release was higher from PLLA/K5N8Q fibrous mats (ca. 72% for 50 h) compared to the released drug amount from PLLA/5-Cl8Q materials (ca. 52% for 50 h), which is due to the better water-solubility of the salt. The antifungal activity of the fibrous materials against P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum was studied as well. The incorporation of the fungicide in the biodegradable fibers resulted in the inhibition of fungal growth. The obtained materials are perspective candidates for the protection of vines from the penetration and growth of fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Plant Extracts Inducing Enzyme Activity in Grains Against Loose Smut Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
B. Karsou ◽  
R. Samara
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Ustilago Tritici ◽  
Ustilago Nuda

Abstract This study investigated the role of endogenous Palestinian plant extracts in inducing wheat and barley resistance systems against loose smut disease with the aim to alternate the chemical pest control with natural fungicides. Twenty indigenous herbal plant extracts and essential oils were assessed for their biological and antifungal properties against Ustilago tritici and Ustilago nuda. Their potential role in inducing resistance pathways was studied on four different cultivars of wheat and barley. Two common enzyme indicators – guaiacol peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) – are expressed in plants only after physical or chemical induction. The antifungal activity of the plant extracts was investigated in vitro. Totally 70 % of the plant extracts showed antifungal activity against Ustilago tritici and Ustilago nuda. Coridothyme extracts ranked first (61 %) in the fungal growth inhibition, followed by varthemia, salvia, ambrosia, artemisia, and lemon thyme. Some plant extracts significantly increased the POX and PPO effect compared to control for all the wheat and barley cultivars tested. The study revealed that oregano, clove or lavender and pomegranate, common yarrow or chamomile oil effectively induced the resistance indicator enzymes in wheat and barley.

scholarly journals Ameliorating the Effect of Mycotoxins in Poultry Feeds Using Plant Extracts

2021 ◽  
pp. 334-348
Author(s):  
A. R. Varalakshmi ◽  
A. Josephine ◽  
R. Kunguma Priya ◽  
K. Revathi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Trachyspermum Ammi ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungal origin that tends to contaminate agricultural commodities before or under post-harvest conditions. They are mainly produced by fungi in the genera, Aspergillus sp. (Aspergillaceae: Eurotiales), Penicillium sp. (Trichocomaceae; Eurotiales) and Fusarium sp. (Nectriaceae: Hypocreales). When ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, mycotoxins causes sickness or death in humans and animals. Natural substances that can prevent AFB1 toxicity to human and animal health with minimal cost will be a great advantage. Traditional medicinal plants are currently used for their antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Aspergillus parasiticus strain NRRL 2999 was used to produce Aflatoxin, as it is one of the highly toxigenic fungus available. Inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of plants was enhanced upon gradual increase in their concentrations. Among them, the ethanol extracts of Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae: Apiales) completely arrested the fungal growth and inhibited the growth significantly, even at lower concentrations (1%) in comparison with other extracts and the negative control.  Hence, the present work has been carried out to find the aflatoxin antifungal activity of the plant extracts Albizia lebbeck (Fabaceae: Fabales), Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae: Myrtales) and Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae: Apiales) against aflatoxin contaminated poultry feed. In conclusion, the present study serves as a base and arises a futuristic need for efficient cost effective sampling and analytical methods that can be used for detection and control of mycotoxins in poultry feed.

scholarly journals An in Vitro Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Properties of Commiphora myrrha and Prunus mahaleb

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Saifeldin A. F. El-Nagerabi ◽  
Mohammed S. R. Al-Maqbali ◽  
Khalid M. S. Alabri ◽  
Abdulkadir E. Elshafie
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Aflatoxin B

Aflatoxins and especially aflatoxin B, are the devastating contaminant of food and feed products with hazardous effects to mankind and his domestic animals. These investigations were set to evaluate the effect of various levels of Commiphora myrrha resin (1.0, 1.25, 2.25, and 3.25 g/100 ml) and Prunus mahaleb seed extract (0.75, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 g/100 ml) on the growth and aflatoxin secretion by two aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The two plant extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased aflatoxin secretion, and inhibited the fungal growth. Resin of C. myrrha displayed 51.9-95.7% reduction in total aflatoxin secretion by A. flavus, and 46.9-92% for A. parasiticus, and Seed extract of P. mahaleb decreased aflatoxin up to 53.7-95.8% and 40-94.7%, respectively. The inhibition of aflatoxin B (B1 and B2) by myrrh resin and seed extract of mahaleb ranged between 51.7-93.5, 50-93.6% (A. flavus) and 39.5-89.7%, 37.9-93% (A. parasiticus). The mycelial dry weight of A. flavus and A. parasiticus ws decreased up to 46.1-58.7%, 28.9-51.3% (Myrrh resin), and between 45-56.9%, 33.3-55.9% (Mahaleb seed extract). Nonetheless, the two plant extracts did not detoxify aflatoxin B1. Therefore, it apparent that the resin of C. myrrha and seed extract of P. mahaleb affected the biosynthesis pathway of aflatoxins. Thus, they can be recommended as effective natural plant biopreservative against aflatoxin contamination of food and feed products.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity and Detoxification of Aflatoxins by Plant Extracts: Potential for Food Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Ponzilacqua ◽  
Carlos Humberto Corassin ◽  
Carlos Augusto Fernandes Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Aflatoxin B

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the genusAspergillus, which occur naturally in cereals like corn, beans and rice. Aflatoxin B1causes an extensive number of toxic effects in animals and humans. This mycotoxin is a stable term and can act in low concentrations due to their higher toxicity. Management to prevent commodities aflatoxin contamination is essential during the production, mainly in pre- and post-harvest steps. A number of essential oils and aqueous plant extracts have been reported to be fungal growth inhibitors and may provide an attractive alternative to prevent aflatoxin contamination in foods. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight recent data on thein vitroantifungal activity of essential oils and aqueous extracts from plants and discuss the perspectives of their use in food products.

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