scholarly journals The Effects of Empathy, Social Structure and Social Environment on Individuals’ Moral Behavior Choices in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 420-437
Author(s):  
Shuqin LONG

Based on the data of the Survey of Residents’ Living and Psychological Conditions in Jiangsu Province, China in 2016, this article analyzed the influencing mechanism of individuals’ moral behavior choices when facing a conflict between righteousness and self-interest. The binary logistic regression models indicated that individuals’ choices of moral behaviors do not differ among various social classes. Empathy has a remarkable influence, but its impact mechanism is complex. The social environment has a significant effect, where malignant events have a stronger influence than others. Furthermore, social environment has more significant effect on individual moral behavior choices than empathy, so, creating a benevolent and harmonious social environment will allow the individual’s empathy to come into full play.

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Edina Maria De Camargo ◽  
Michael Pereira da Silva ◽  
Jorge Mota ◽  
Wagner De Campos

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence and factors associated with active transportation to school (ATS) among Brazilian adolescents attending public schools. METHODS: Crossectional study with a representative sample of 1,984 adolescents (55.9% girls). Sociodemographic variables included were: gender, age, parental schooling, and socioeconomic status. Psychosocial factors included were: social support from parents and friends for physical activity. Walking, cycling, or skateboarding to school were considered models of active transportation. Binary logistic regression models verified sociodemographic and psychosocial factors association with ATS, adopting p < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of active transportation to school was 37.7% (16.2% boys and 21.5% girls). For boys, ATS was associated with: social support from parents in practicing physical activity together as a family (OR = 1.57; 95%CI 1.09–2.25), giving them rides (OR = 1.56; 95%CI 1.04–2.32), and remarking their good performance on it (OR = 1.73; CI95 1.08–2.76); as well as the social support from friends in practicing physical activity together (OR = 2.23; 95%CI 1.35–3.69). For girls, the likelihood of using ATS increased with age (OR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.06–1.92) and having friends who practice physical activity together with them (OR = 1.48, 95%CI 1.04–2.10). CONCLUSION: Age and social support for physical activity were associated with ATS. Parents who practice together, give rides, and remark on physical activities increase the likelihood of adolescent boys using ATS. Social support from friends to physical activity increased the likelihood of both genders using ATS.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49
Author(s):  
Aris Elisa Tembay ◽  
Eliman

Kejatuhan manusia kedalam dosa telah membuat manusia kehilangan kemuliaan Allah. Manusia bukan saja harus menerima hukuman Allah secara rohani sebagai mahluk yang diciptakan dengan Kemuliaan Allah, namun secara fisik dan social mereka menerima ganjaran hukuman dari Allah. Kehidupan secara fisik berubah, dimana mereka kemudian menyadari bahwa dirinya dalam keadaan telanjang dan merasakan malu. Secara social mereka mengalami putusnya hubungan dengan Allah dan lingkungannya kemudian menjadi takut dan menyembunyikan diri dari hadapan Allah. Manusia kemudian menerima hukuman dari Allah yang berdampak secara rohani, dan juga jasmani. Mereka dibuang dari tempat kemuliaan kedalam dunia yang penuh dengan penderitaan sebagai akibat dari perbuatan dosa tersebut. Allah kemudian menunjukkan Kasih-Nya, dengan mencari manusia yang telah jatuh dalam dosa mengadakan pemulihan, akan tetapi tetap menegakkan keadilan dengan menjatuhkan hukuman-Nya dan mengadakan perjanjian akan Keselamatan bagi manusia berdosa. Rancangan keselamtan dari Allah inilah yang kemudian dilaksankan dengan Misio-Dei, dimana Allah mengutus Anak-Nya Yesus Kristus datang kedunia ini, para Nabi dan Rasul, kemudian Misio Eklesiae, dimana Allah menempatkan Gereja-Nya dan mengutus orang-orang percaya untuk memberitakan Injil Keselamatan. Injil Keselamatan itu adalah “Kabar Baik” dimana didalamnya ada berita tentang kelepasan manusia dari hukuman dosa. Dosa telah membuat manusia mengalami berbagai penderitaan, baik rohani, Jasmani juga hubungan berdampak pada lingkungan social. Pemulihan tidak hanya cukup pada tataran Rohani saja, karena dosa adalah permasalahan yang kompleksitas dan menyeluruh dalam kehidupan manusia didunia ini. Pelayanan “Holistik” adalah upaya untuk memulihkan keberadaan manusia seutuhnya, baik secara spiritual dimana manusia diperdamaikan dengan Allah tetapi juga secara mental dimana   manusia dibangkitkan kembali semangatnya untuk memperjuangkan kehidupannya didunia ini. Dengan demikian Injil bukan saja menyelesaikan perkara-perkara rohani saja, akan tetapi juga berdampak pada kehidupan social masyarakat, karena itulah tugas Gereja untuk melakukan tiga hal penting dalam dunia ini:   Marturia, Koinonia, dan Diakonia. Inilah merupakan bagian dari pelayanan yang bersifat “Holistik”                   Man's fall into sin has made man lose the glory of God. Humans must not only receive God's punishment spiritually as a creature created with the Glory of God, but physically and socially they receive punishment from God. Life physically changes, where they then realize that they are naked and feel ashamed. Socially, they experience a break with God and their environment and become afraid and hide themselves from God. Humans then receive punishment from God that impacts spiritually, and also physically. They are banished from the place of glory in a world full of suffering as a result of these sins. God then shows His love, by searching for people who have fallen into sin to make restoration, but still uphold justice by dropping His punishment and entering into a covenant of Salvation for sinful humans. This salvation design from God was then carried out by Misio-Dei, where God sent His Son Jesus Christ to come into this world, the Prophets and Apostles, then Misio Eklesiae, where God placed His Church and sent believers to preach the Gospel of Salvation. The Gospel of Salvation is the "Good News" in which there is news about human deliverance from the penalty of sin. Sin has caused people to experience various sufferings, both spiritual, physical and also the relationship has an impact on the social environment. Restoration is not only enough at the Spiritual level, because sin is a complex and comprehensive problem in human life in this world. "Holistic" service is an effort to restore the whole human existence, both spiritually where humans are reconciled with God but also mentally where humans are reawakened to fight for their lives in this world. Thus the Gospel not only resolves spiritual matters, but also has an impact on the social life of the community, because that is the Church's duty to do three important things in this world: Marturia, Koinonia, and Diakonia. This is part of the service that is "Holistic".


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudi Verburg

This paper argues that the neo-Augustinian outlook of the French moral tradition has been used for too long as a Procrustean bed, thereby depreciating the Dutch background of Mandeville's thought. In particular, Johan and Pieter de la Court were an important source of inspiration for Mandeville. In trying to come to terms with commercial society, the brothers developed a positive theory of interest and the passions, emphasizing the social utility of self-interest and honour in securing the health and wealth of the commonwealth. By combining elements from neo-Augustinian and Dutch commercial republican discourses, Mandeville devised a new logic for interpreting the nature and growth of commercial society, which was to inspire intense debate.


2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2019-213412
Author(s):  
Nicolas Berger ◽  
Daniel Lewis ◽  
Matteo Quartagno ◽  
Edmund Njeru Njagi ◽  
Steven Cummins

BackgroundMost UK adolescents do not achieve recommended levels of physical activity (PA). Previous studies suggest that the social environment could contribute to inequalities in PA behaviours, but longitudinal evidence is limited. We examined whether neighbourhood trust and social support were longitudinally associated with four common forms of PA: walking to school, walking for leisure, outdoor PA and pay and play PA. We further assessed whether gender moderated these associations.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from the Olympic Regeneration in East London (ORiEL) study. In 2012, 3106 adolescents aged 11–12 were enrolled from 25 schools in four deprived boroughs of East London, UK. Adolescents were followed-up in 2013 and 2014. The final sample includes 2664 participants interviewed at waves 2 and 3. We estimated logistic regression models using generalised estimating equations (GEEs) (pooled models) and proportional odds models (models of change) to assess associations between the social environment exposures and the PA outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders. Item non-response was handled using multilevel multiple imputation.ResultsWe found that different aspects of the social environment predict different types of PA. Neighbourhood trust was positively associated with leisure-type PA. Social support from friends and family was positively associated with walking for leisure. There was some evidence that changes in exposures led to changes in the PA outcomes. Associations did not systematically differ by gender.ConclusionThese results confirm the importance of the social environment to predict PA and its change over time in a deprived and ethnically diverse adolescent population.


Author(s):  
Alexander Blaszczynski

Abstract. Background: Tensions exist with various stakeholders facing competing interests in providing legal land-based and online regulated gambling products. Threats to revenue/taxation occur in response to harm minimisation and responsible gambling policies. Setting aside the concept of total prohibition, the objectives of responsible gambling are to encourage and/or restrict an individual’s gambling expenditure in terms of money and time to personally affordable limits. Stakeholder responsibilities: Governments craft the gambling environment through legislation, monitor compliance with regulatory requirements, and receive taxation revenue as a proportion of expenditure. Industry operators on the other hand, compete across market sectors through marketing and advertising, and through the development of commercially innovative products, reaping substantial financial rewards. Concurrently, governments are driven to respond to community pressures to minimize the range of negative gambling-related social, personal and economic harms and costs. Industry operators are exposed to the same pressures but additionally overlaid with the self-interest of avoiding the imposition of more stringent restrictive policies. Cooperation of stakeholders: The resulting tension between taxation revenue and profit making, harm minimization, and social impacts creates a climate of conflict between all involved parties. Data-driven policies become compromised by unsubstantiated claims of, and counter claims against, the nature and extent of gambling-related harms, effectiveness of policy strategies, with allegations of bias and influence associated with researchers supported by industry and government research funding sources. Conclusion: To effectively advance policies, it is argued that it is imperative that all parties collaborate in a cooperative manner to achieve the objectives of responsible gambling and harm minimization. This extends to and includes more transparent funding for researchers from both government and industry. Continued reliance on data collected from analogue populations or volunteers participating in simulated gambling tasks will not provide data capable of valid and reliable extrapolation to real gamblers in real venues risking their own funds. Failure to adhere to principles of corporate responsibility and consumer protection by both governments and industry will challenge the social licence to offer gambling products. Appropriate and transparent safeguards learnt from the tobacco and alcohol field, it is argued, can guide the conduct of gambling research.


1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Louise Cherry Wilkinson

1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
Mollie B. Condra

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