scholarly journals Faunal Remains as an Indicator of Change in Social Stratification at Pecica Şanţul Mare

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Over Time

The Bronze Age tell settlement of Pecica “Şanţul Mare” in Romania is regarded as a regional center of the Mureş culture due to the flourishing of higher-status activity experienced during the Florescent Period (1820-1680 B.C.). Recent excavations at the site began to examine whether this higher-status activity was present during the Initial Period (1950-1900 B.C.), the earliest period, or if it grew out of the transition between these periods. This analysis compared faunal remains from the Initial Period and the Florescent Period to examine changing inequality over time. Species utilization, cull patterns, and body part representation were used to infer social organization during these periods. The combination of secondary product utilization, low quantity of horse, and presence of low quality meat during the Initial Period suggests that social inequality intensified over time and reached its pinnacle during the Florescent Period. These results can also be used to examine the development of social stratification in the Bronze Age as a whole. KEYWORDS: Pecica; Zooarchaeology; Social organization; Power and Wealth; Bronze Age; Elite Activity; Horse Breeding; Tell Settlement

scholarly journals Establishing the Middle Sea: The Late Bronze Age of Mediterranean Europe (1700–900 BC)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Iacono ◽  
Elisabetta Borgna ◽  
Maurizio Cattani ◽  
Claudio Cavazzuti ◽  
Helen Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Mediterranean Europe ◽  
Northern Shore ◽  
Comparative Survey ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractThe Late Bronze Age (1700–900 BC) represents an extremely dynamic period for Mediterranean Europe. Here, we provide a comparative survey of the archaeological record of over half a millennium within the entire northern littoral of the Mediterranean, from Greece to Iberia, incorporating archaeological, archaeometric, and bioarchaeological evidence. The picture that emerges, while certainly fragmented and not displaying a unique trajectory, reveals a number of broad trends in aspects as different as social organization, trade, transcultural phenomena, and human mobility. The contribution of such trends to the processes that caused the end of the Bronze Age is also examined. Taken together, they illustrate how networks of interaction, ranging from the short to the long range, became a defining aspect of the “Middle Sea” during this time, influencing the lives of the communities that inhabited its northern shore. They also highlight the importance of research that crosses modern boundaries for gaining a better understanding of broad comparable dynamics.

Art and Archaeology of the Bronze Age in China

Art History ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
English Language ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Museum Displays ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Bronze Vessels ◽  
The Bronze Age

“China” here designates much but not all of China Proper or Inner China, terrain controlled during the Imperial era (221 bce to ce 1912) by historic dynastic states. Vast regions to the northeast, north, and west—Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet—are excluded even though they are now integral to the modern-day nation-state. Similarly, we slight areas of the south, for example the modern-day Lingnan and Yun-Gui macroregions, that only gradually were absorbed after the Bronze Age. In Chinese scholarship, “Bronze Age” (qingtong shidai青铜时代) serves as an alternate for the “Three Dynasties” (san dai三代) of traditional historiography: Xia (Hsia), Shang, and Zhou (Chou). Bracketing dates of c. 2000–221 bce are now widely used, the first an approximation, the latter firm. Bronze alloy, however, was just one ingredient of material cultures of the Three Dynasties. Other features include the appearance of states, social stratification, urbanization, warfare, and the appearance of iron (the Iron Age), in addition to achievements in literature, music, and philosophy during the latter centuries, a kind of “Classical Age.” Today, “arts” may encompass many forms of crafting materials for a variety of purposes and audiences. This bibliography specifically addresses architecture, bronze, jade, lacquer, and silk as well as music, pictorial representation, and writing. A term from the Bronze Age—“Six Arts” (or “skills,” liu yi六艺)—defined expertise for an elite male as ritual, music, archery, chariot driving, writing, and calculation. While the overlap between the ancient and modern categories is at best partial, these concepts do intersect in terms of makers and consumers and in social and religious purposes. The elite’s luxury lifestyle was sustained by the “arts.” Ritual required bronze vessels, and the requisite music was performed on instruments of bronze, stone, lacquer, etc. Chariots were outfitted with bronze; writing and picturing employed silk. This bibliography emphasizes Chinese archaeology, both as a discipline and as a realm of knowledge that have burgeoned since the late 20th century. Archaeology creates fresh evidence, which then becomes the stuff of excavation reports, investigative scholarship, exhibitions and museum displays, and reference works. Only some of this bounty can be cited here, and readers are directed to Oxford Bibliographies for Chinese Studies (e.g., Chinese Architecture, Calligraphy, Ceramics, Paleography, Ancient Chinese Religion) for further advice. This essay is limited to publications from 1980 and, when possible, favors English-language sources.

Bronze Age Mongolia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Houle
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Bronze Age

This article discusses the Bronze Age in Mongolia, a period when pastoralism, mobility, and interaction between regional communities increased dramatically. It also corresponds to the heyday of monumental construction and to the development of societal complexity in this region. After briefly discussing the local Bronze Age chronology, the discussion then turns to the topic of the transition to animal husbandry and to the development of mobile, equestrian pastoralism in particular—a phenomenon that seems to have taken place during the Late Bronze Age. Following this, I examine the monumental landscape as well as what is known from “settlements” before discussing the nature of Late Bronze Age social organization and societal complexity. The article ends with a brief exposé on bronze metallurgy before highlighting what are thought to be the critical issues that continue to challenge research on the Bronze Age in the region.

scholarly journals A Chronicle of Sexuality in the Indian Subcontinent

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keya Das ◽  
T. S. Sathyanarayana Rao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Over Time

Human sexuality has been researched, documented, and scrutinized through the centuries but persists in retaining its unfathomable depths in its layers. Sexuality in India has undergone paradigm shifts from the Bronze Age civilization to present-day India. Ever changing facets dependent on the cultural, social, religious, political, regional, and timely aura have resulted in sexuality in India having many hues. The manner of experience and expression has also undergone significant changes over time in individual desires, attitudes to sex, beliefs, values, behaviors, gender roles, and relationships. We chronicle the conceptualization of sexuality in its inception in ancient India and its journey through the ages.

scholarly journals As faunas do final da Idade do Bronze no Sul de Portugal: leituras desde o Outeiro do Circo (Beja).

2020 ◽  
pp. 1041-1054
Author(s):  
Nelson J. Almeida ◽  
Íris Dias ◽  
Cleia Detry ◽  
Eduardo Porfírio ◽  
Miguel Serra
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Mixed Economy ◽  
Secondary Resources ◽  
Hunting Strategies ◽  
The Bronze Age

We present the results obtained from the analysis of unpublished faunal remains from the Bronze Age settlement of Outeiro do Circo (Beja). The materials provenance is diverse, corresponding mainly to one pit/silo from trench 3 and the areas near the defensive systems designated trench 7 and 8. Hunting strategies are complementary in the assemblage, with a predominance of sheep and goat remains, followed by cattle and swine. Kill-off patterns with the presence of young and adult individuals are suggestive of a mixed economy with the exploitation of primary and secondary resources. Although highly fragmented and affected by postdepositional processes it was possible to record several anthropization indicators related to the butchering process and thermo-alteration of remains by fire.

Disappearance Beyond Recall: A Social Context for Bronze Age Aurochs Extinction in Britain?

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Evans
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Species Loss ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age

The interest which attaches to the history of extinct British animals can only be equalled by the regret which must be felt, by all true naturalists, at theirdisappearance beyond recallfrom our fauna (Harting 1880, 3; emphasis added).The implications of pit-deposits containing aurochs/Bos primigeniusskulls dating to the Bronze Age, found in two recent excavations in Bedfordshire are outlined. Involving a review of related findings in south-eastern England, these serve as a platform to consider the dynamics of aurochs extinction, which is held to have occurred in Britain by the middle–later centuries of the 2nd millenniumbc. It should be stressed that, although consulting many ‘expert’ colleagues, this paper is not written from a faunal remains-specialist perspective. It is essentially discursive and primarily intended to highlight a significant site-recovery trend. It reflects, moreover, on issues of broad social relevance. Holocene human-induced extinctions have both an inherent curiosity and poignancy. Indeed now, faced with currently threatened mass-species loss, they can even involve – beyond regret – a sense of cumulative guilt.

Are metals necessary for the study of social stratification during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age? A proposal for a new methodological approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 101241
Author(s):  
Grażyna Liczbińska ◽  
Janusz Piontek ◽  
Justyna Baron ◽  
Dagmara Łaciak ◽  
Radosław Kuźbik
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Bronze Age

Zebu: harbingers of doom in Bronze Age western Asia?

Antiquity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (292) ◽  
pp. 438-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Bronze Age

The significance of zebu, or humped. cattle as potential indicators of episodes of aridification in the Bronze Age of western Asia is explored through study of figurines and faunal remains from Mesopotamia, the Levant and Anatolia.

scholarly journals Food Ethics, Domestication and Togetherness - A Close-up Study of the Relation of Horse and Dog to Man in the Bronze Age Settlement of Apalle

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-184
Author(s):  
Inga Ullén
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Food Ethics ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Over Time

This paper deals with the attitude to the horse and the dog at a later Bronze Age site in central Sweden. Three different phenomena of social practise are linked together: the deposition of bones, slaughter marks on bones, and pictorial representation in rock-carvings and on artefacts. Two chronological phases at the settlement are compared in order to see if they display changes, regarding the three different phenomena, over time.

The Appearance and Transition of Chief Tomb in Yeongnam Province

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-35
Author(s):  
Soohong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
The Road ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The One ◽  
The Bronze Age

Social stratification in the Bronze Age and the appearance and transition of chief tombs in the early Iron Age are reviewed based on the ancient tomb data in Yeongnam Province. Chief, which means a ruler of unequal societies, first appeared in the early Iron Age. Evidence to support the appearance is given as follows: the articles from , production and distribution of ironware, construction of tombs for not a community but an individual, and the beginning of trade between local regions. In the late Bronze Age, tomb clusters turned into a common cemetery, and huge dolmens with graveyards were built. With social stratification being intensified, communities would have been maintained by blood ties and regionalism. The construction of huge tombs was for a community, not for a single person. That is, it was the tomb of the leaders, not of a chief. The types of the leader tombs vary depending on the regions: huge dolmens with graveyards in South Gyeongsang Province, and tombs with long-sharpened daggers in Daegu. In the early Iron Age, chief tombs are categorized into a group of dolmens from the patternless earthenware culture and a group of wooden coffin tombs from the Koreanstyle bronze dagger culture. The former group of chief tombs can be seen in huge dolmen areas such as Gimhae Gusan-dong and Changwon Deokcheon-ri archeological sites, and it is more of an individual’s tomb rather than a community’s. The chiefdom of dolmens and the one of wooden coffin tombs coexisted only until the chiefdom of wooden coffin tombs took over the other. In Yeongnam Province, the wooden coffin tombs first appeared in the third century B.C., and the ironware began to be buried in the second century B.C. By the first century B.C., the wooden coffin tombs clustered and the Chinese Han relics began to be buried. This is when the chiefdom was formed and the Bronze Age came to an end. In South Gyeongsang Province, chief tombs are centered in Gimhae. In Daegu-North Gyeongsang Province, chief tombs are distributed by equal intervals on the road connecting Ulsan, Gyeongju, Yeongcheon, Gyeongsan, and Daegu; it is due to the consolidation of foreign negotiation command of a chief.

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