scholarly journals THE TRANSDNIESTRIAN CONFLICT AS A PHENOMENON OF HYBRID WAR

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Gorbatiuc
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Political Settlement

Abstract: Hybrid warfare is predominant tendency in the 21st century, therefore all states should take into consideration the possible threats and results caused by hybrid warfare strategies and tactics. Likewise, the elements of hybrid warfare are discussed from the recent conflicts. With all ensuing consequences, the article analyzes all possible evidence to detect future expansion of untraditional warfare. The important role the OSCE plays in supporting the Transdniestrian conflict. We underline the need to advance the work of the Permanent Conference on Political Issues in the Framework of the Negotiation Process for the Transdniestrian Settlement in the “5+2” format as the only mechanism to achieve a comprehensive and sustainable resolution of the conflict. Emphasize the need to achieve tangible progress in the negotiations on all three baskets of the agreed agenda for the negotiation process. Express satisfaction with the commitment of the political representatives and programs of political parties to meet on a regular basis and encourage the sides to increase the continuity and effectiveness of the process. To this end, the Mission facilitates co-operation in Moldova is to help achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting political settlement of the Transdniestrian conflict based on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Moldova and a special status for Transdniestria.

Tribunes and Patricians: Fringe Parties in the 21st Century

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Nedelcu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
Structural Shifts

The mid and late 2000s witnessed a proliferation of political parties in European party systems. Marxist, Libertarian, Pirate, and Animal parties, as well as radical-right and populist parties, have become part of an increasingly heterogeneous political spectrum generally dominated by the mainstream centre-left and centre-right. The question this article explores is what led to the surge of these parties during the first decade of the 21st century. While it is tempting to look at structural arguments or the recent late-2000s financial crisis to explain this proliferation, the emergence of these parties predates the debt-crisis and can not be described by structural shifts alone . This paper argues that the proliferation of new radical parties came about not only as a result of changes in the political space, but rather due to the very perceived presence and even strengthening of what Katz and Mair (1995) famously dubbed the "cartelization" of mainstream political parties.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v7i1.210

scholarly journals The All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation: Siberian politics in the final year of the USSR

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Melissa Chakars
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
The Political ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
People's Party ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
General Goals

This article examines the All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation that was held in the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in February 1991. The congress met to discuss the future of the Buryats, a Mongolian people who live in southeastern Siberia, and to decide on what actions should be taken for the revival, development, and maintenance of their culture. Widespread elections were carried out in the Buryat lands in advance of the congress and voters selected 592 delegates. Delegates also came from other parts of the Soviet Union, as well as from Mongolia and China. Government administrators, Communist Party officials, members of new political parties like the Buryat-Mongolian People’s Party, and non-affiliated individuals shared their ideas and political agendas. Although the congress came to some agreement on the general goals of promoting Buryat traditions, language, religions, and culture, there were disagreements about several of the political and territorial questions. For example, although some delegates hoped for the creation of a larger Buryat territory that would encompass all of Siberia’s Buryats within a future Russian state, others disagreed revealing the tension between the desire to promote ethnic identity and the practical need to consider economic and political issues.

scholarly journals Lawfare in Hybrid Wars: The 21st Century Warfare

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres B. Munoz Mosquera ◽  
Sascha Dov Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Ethical Approach ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
International Rule

In the context of ‘Hybrid Warfare’ as 21st Century’s threat to peace and security, this paper intends to address the role of Lawfare. The use of law as a weapon, Lawfare, 1 can have a tangible impact on democratic States when their adversaries use it in an exploitative way. Lawfare can be used in the context of Hybrid War. 2 Examples of Hybrid Warfare as witnessed in the Russian/Ukrainian conflict of 2014/2015 and the ongoing conflict with Daesh are particularly sensitive to Lawfare due to an apparent asymmetric adherence to the international rule of law among involved actors. The different legal and ethical approach of democratic States in warfare and their non-democratic opponents in Hybrid War scenarios has the potential to impact negatively on the eventual prompt success of Western military actions. The authors argue that against this backdrop it is essential for law-abiding nations to adapt an approach which uses counter-Lawfare means in support of its own legitimate objectives and to prevent opponents from using it law as a weapon for their own strategic purposes.

THE STRATEGY OF WAGING HYBRID WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol XIV ◽  
pp. 0-1
Author(s):  
Adrian Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

Over the last decade, the concept of hybrid warfare has aroused great in-terest among the global community dealing with security issues, both military, and non-military. The specificity of hybrid warfare is that the fight is not for territories, but for the minds, and attitudes of citizens of other countries, and the means of combat are very sophisticated. Any hybrid war is based on a strategy that involves achievement victory by setting goals, overall plan and systematic impact on ene-my's vulnerabilities using a hybrid threat complex. In connection with the above, the aim of the article is to present the role of the strategy in waging hybrid war-fare, as well as in developing mechanisms to counteract hybrid threats.

scholarly journals The roots of clientelism in Iraqi Kurdistan and the efforts to fight it

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Omar Bali
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
The Political ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Client System

AbstractThis study examines the roots of clientelism in Iraqi Kurdistan and the effort to fight it. The clientelism system exists when a kind of deal is struck between those in power and clients in society who agree to exchange benefits. The political issues in Kurdistan particularly, corruption and lack of social justice have historical roots as a result of the accumulation of problems that have not been resolved by the client system that is adopted by the two political parties in power, namely the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and the Democratic Party of Kurdistan (KDP). The two political parties have monopolised the public sector, the Peshmerga and Security forces, as well as the economy, they have succeeded in controlling the larger part of society through clientelism. In hence, they used public funds, jobs and posts to buy people’s votes and loyalty. The opposition parties have been unable to exert pressure on the ruling parties who can buy the affiliation of people through the use of public finance. The opposition and independent media began to play a large role in highlighting the corruption and the client system.

Political parties and policy analysis in Colombia

2020 ◽  
pp. 241-256
Author(s):  
Sebastián Líppez-De Castro
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Party System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Policy Actor ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Party System ◽  
Historical Trajectory

This chapter traces the development of the political party system in Colombia, focusing on characteristics related to their production or consumption of policy analysis. It stresses that political parties will not fully utilize policy analysis to guide their decisions and priorities, as long as clientelistic linkages prevail. It also mentions the third or nongovernmental sector, which is increasingly recognized as an important policy actor or potential policy actor in all countries. The chapter describes the historical trajectory of the Colombian party system, its make-up in the 21st century, and key institutional features affecting parties' use of policy analysis. It identifies some of the mechanisms through which 21st-century Colombian political parties produce or rely on policy analysis.

Turkish Politics and Policies under the Impact of the 1980’s PKK Revolt and the Gulf War of the Early 1990s

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-232
Author(s):  
Haldun Çanci ◽  
Şevket Serkan Şen
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Turkish Politics ◽  
The Impact

This article examines Turkish politics and policies during the 1980s and 1990s in light of occurrences in Turkey and neighboring states, with particular attention to the impact of the 1980’s PKK revolt and the outbreak of the Gulf War in 1990. In doing so, it outlines the political debates among the major political parties and the perspectives of the Turkish army generals on the important political issues of the period. These events, and those of the subsequent decade, have led to the emergence of a new status quo in Turkey that has had major political and economic repercussions.

The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Lourié
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Actual Settlement ◽  
Political Settlement

Though the United Nations has succeeded to only a limited extent in bringing about the actual settlement or adjustment of disputes and threatening situations that have been brought to its attention, it has achieved a considerable measure of success in its efforts to bring fighting to an end and to assist the parties in maintaining the cessation of hostilities to which they have agreed. In Indonesia, the United Nations was able to follow up its success in inducing the parties to agree to a cease-fire with a valuable assist in the negotiation of a final political settlement. In Palestine, however, the United Nations contribution has been largely limited to getting the states directly involved in the fighting to agree to a cease-fire, and then to armistice agreements. The political issues involved seem as far from resolution as ever. In dealing with the dispute between India and Pakistan over the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the United Nations has likewise found itself unable to get the parties to agree on a political settlement. Nevertheless, fighting has been brought to an end, and the United; Nations has played an important part in achieving that result.

The German People and the Postwar World: A Study Based on Election Statistics, 1871–1933

1943 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney L. W. Mellen
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The People ◽  
Inferiority Complex ◽  
Distinct Character ◽  
Election Results ◽  
The Times ◽  
German People ◽  
Established Order

What are the German people really like? A weird assortment of catchwords and formulas have been put forward, most of them as unscientific as Hitler's own racial doctrines: aggressors throughout the ages, perpetrators of a black record of war and aggression, submissive and obedient regiments, cultural and political romanticists, rebels against the established order, victims of a national inferiority complex, sentimentalists, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and so on. And yet unless the people of the democracies attain a realistic understanding of the Germans there will be a poor chance, after the war is finally won, of attaining a permanent solution of the German problem.In the articles and books written about the German people in recent months and years, little or no attention has been given to one set of historical facts which is capable of providing a trustworthy and statistically balanced background: the record of popular election results from 1871 to 1933. In the long series of Reichstag elections in this period, the German people as a whole expressed their composite preferences concerning the dominant political issues of the times; and the very multiplicity of the political parties, each with more or less distinct character and policies, provides us with fairly extensive breakdowns of public opinion.

scholarly journals The Ukrainian Crisis: A Test for International Law?

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Marcin Marcinko ◽  
Bartosz Rogala
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Community ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine raises significant questions related to the fundamental features of international law. The chief concern is the efficacy of the said legal order as well as territorial integrity and right to self determination. Since the political crisis has led to a military clash, so-called hybrid warfare and the rules on occupation are also discussed. It seems the current geopolitical scene has led to what some perceive as a watering down of the rules of international law and further exposure of the flaws of the UN. International law, however, despite its shortcomings and limitations, still offers valid solutions to the international community as a way to solve not only the discussed conflict, but also many others.

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