Clare's Poetic Binomials

Romanticism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-127
Author(s):  
Christy Edwall

John Clare's confessed preference for the ‘vulgar’ names of flowers and his apparent dismissal of the sexual system as ‘darkness visible’ seems to keeps the taint of Linnaean influence at a distance. His enumeration of flowers in ‘The Wild Flower Nosgay’, however, looks very much like two eighteenth-century descriptive procedures: poetic diction and binomial nomenclature. Dryden's popular translation of Virgil's Georgics modified a classical inheritance of compound epithets into phrases later recognised as poetic diction. This inheritance finds an unexpected consonance in the binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus, who loved the Georgics and referred to them in his work. By comparing poetic diction and binomial nomenclature, this essay investigates the resources of compression or visibility which either procedure might offer to a bookish and keen-sighted poet like Clare. In doing so, it reiterates the case for Clare's immersion in eighteenth-century poetic procedure.

Author(s):  
Lincoln Taiz ◽  
Lee Taiz

The primary preoccupation of eighteenth century botany was taxonomy, a field dominated by Carolus Linnaeus’s sexual system based on counting stamens and pistils. Linnaeus also developed a proto-evolutionary theory based on hybridization. Few eighteenth century botanists were experimentalists. In Italy, Guilio Pontedera compared nectaries to breasts that nourish seeds, dismissing male flowers as “useless appendages.” In France, Jean Marchant elaborated Malpighi’s uterine analogy of the flower, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort espoused the classical interpretation of pollen as a “vessel of excretion.” However, Sébastien Vaillant and Claude-Joseph Geoffroy focused on plant sex. In 1717, Vaillant’s sensational lecture (denounced by Geoffroy as suitable only for “Priapic festivals”) celebrated steamy nuptial encounters between stamens and pistils. In England, Philip Miller discovered bee pollination, and Thomas Fairchild produced the first hybrid, although tampering with nature by creating “monsters” was still considered distasteful, even blasphemous. Richard Bradley tested the sexual theory on hermaphroditic flowers.


Author(s):  
Seonghoon Kim ◽  
Jin-young Tak ◽  
Eun Joo Kwak ◽  
Tae Yun Lim ◽  
Shin Haeng Lee

Abstract By incorporating computational methods into reading literary texts, this study examines the literary implications of the ‘vocabulary density’ and frequency of nouns and adjectives in T. S. Eliot’s poetry. This study analyzes 4,689,655 words from forty-seven poets available on Project Gutenberg, a catalog spanning from the eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. The data illustrate both the continuity and discontinuity found in English and American poetry dependent on conventional divisions between literary movements: eighteenth century, Romanticism, Imagism, and Modernism. The findings shed light on the similarities and differences between Eliot’s poetry and others’, particularly in terms of Franco Moretti’s concept of ‘modern epic’ and his methodology of ‘distant reading’. Through this combined quantitative and qualitative research, this article ultimately upholds the notion that the linguistic distinction of Eliot’s high modernist poetry lies, by and large, in his use of invented and equivocal words that reflects and represents an artistic response to modern human, cultural, social conditions, and experiment with poetic diction and polyphonic voice in the early twentieth century.


2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-317
Author(s):  
H. J. Noltie

A collection of 267 late-eighteenth-century miniature botanical illustrations, painted in Perthshire, Scotland, by Lady Charlotte Murray (1754–1808) is described. The drawings are arranged according to the Sexual System of Linnaeus in a specially adapted box. The scientific and social context of the collection is discussed, including the role the cards may have played in relation to a botanical card game housed in a companion box of educational games also created by Lady Charlotte. Her place in the history of the discovery of the Scottish Highland flora is discussed, as is her influence on the botanical activities of her nieces Lady Charlotte Menzies and Lady Amelia Drummond.


PMLA ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey H. Hartman

The AIM of this essay is to examine Descriptive Sketches (written in 1791-92, published with An Evening Walk in 1793) as a poem with its own personal and stylistic integrity. Though not, of course, a great or even very exciting work of art, its relation to Wordsworth's growth as man and poet has been neglected. One reason for this neglect is Legouis' account of its derivative nature: the many borrowings in it from eighteenth-century writers and the extensions of their technique. Legouis is controvertible only on the ground of method: by atomizing the poem he shows convincingly that a great proportion of phrases have a direct or exaggerated relationship to that “gaudiness and inane phraseology” Wordsworth was later to condemn. His view of Descriptive Sketches as mainly patchwork, though sincere and really alive to nature, has prevailed almost continuously. The few notable attempts to go beyond Legouis should, however, be mentioned. M. L. Barstow, an exact reader, discriminates Wordsworth's “faults” from those of the eighteenth-century landscape school, and states against Legouis that what we find in Descriptive Sketches is “not the remnant of an old style; it is the crude but vigorous beginning of the new.” But because of her specific approach, the study of Poetic Diction, she does not, except in a general way, correlate Wordsworth's stylistic struggle with a particular phase in his personal development. De Selincourt, on the other hand, writing almost forty years after Legouis, tried to combine the study of the poet's style and that of his mind. “The early crudities,” he declared, “of a great and original poet have a value irrespective of their intrinsic merit in the light they throw upon that fascinating … study, the growth of a poet's mind and art.” He applied his principle vigorously to “The Vale of Esthwaite” and other juvenilia, but An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches proved too discouraging. After briefly summarizing the flaws of the former, he passes over its companion with: “The faults of An Evening Walk were exaggerated in Descriptive Sketches,” and we hear no more of that juvenile disaster. Arthur Beatty, at about the same time, gives the fullest and most suggestive account we have of the poem, yet also hedges on its language, said to be, in parts, “almost all borrowed” from two earlier travelers to Switzerland, Coxe and Ramond. The only recent consideration of Wordsworth's early style as something sui generis comes from F. A. Pottle, who sees in An Evening Walk “a powerful and original genius grappling with the problem of poetic diction.” The remark takes us back to the point at which serious interpretation of the early poems begins, to Coleridge's comment on Descriptive Sketches. “The language,” he says, “is not only peculiar and strong, but at times knotty and contorted, as by its own impatient strength.” It may not be unwarranted, then, to take another look at Descriptive Sketches, to see the significance of its strongly impatient style.


Author(s):  
Thecan Caesar-Ton That ◽  
Lynn Epstein

Nectria haematococca mating population I (anamorph, Fusarium solani) macroconidia attach to its host (squash) and non-host surfaces prior to germ tube emergence. The macroconidia become adhesive after a brief period of protein synthesis. Recently, Hickman et al. (1989) isolated N. haematococca adhesion-reduced mutants. Using freeze substitution, we compared the development of the macroconidial wall in the wild type in comparison to one of the mutants, LEI.Macroconidia were harvested at 1C, washed by centrifugation, resuspended in a dilute zucchini fruit extract and incubated from 0 - 5 h. During the incubation period, wild type macroconidia attached to uncoated dialysis tubing. Mutant macroconidia did not attach and were collected on poly-L-lysine coated dialysis tubing just prior to freezing. Conidia on the tubing were frozen in liquid propane at 191 - 193C, substituted in acetone with 2% OsO4 and 0.05% uranyl acetate, washed with acetone, and flat-embedded in Epon-Araldite. Using phase contrast microscopy at 1000X, cells without freeze damage were selected, remounted, sectioned and post-stained sequentially with 1% Ba(MnO4)2 2% uranyl acetate and Reynold’s lead citrate. At least 30 cells/treatment were examined.


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