Between History and Tafsīr: Notes on al-Ṭabarī’s Methodological Strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-129
Author(s):  
Marianna Klar
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relevant Section

The bulk of the cited anecdotes in the most immediately relevant section pertaining to the Fall of Adam within al-Ṭabarī’s History consist solely of material that is duplicated in al-Ṭabarī’s commentary on But Satan made them slip in Q. 2:36. The duplicated material is not presented in the same order across the two works, but the extent of the overlap between the two sources is intriguing. In his introduction to the Tafsīr, published (in the form of public lectures) from 270/883–884 onwards, al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923) gives a definition of his own methodology; the introduction to his History, the first volume of which was made public some 20 years later in 294/906–907, announces meanwhile a focus on the history of kings. Yet al-Ṭabarī does not provide any explicit elucidation of what this difference might entail. In areas where al-Ṭabarī’s subject matter spans both texts such a question seems especially pertinent. This article seeks to contribute to a more detailed understanding of how concepts of genre affected the material that was included by al-Ṭabarī in the History and the Tafsīr, and to expose the author's editorial techniques, with specific reference to the parallel versions of the story of Adam and the Fall al-Ṭabarī provided. It draws upon the preceding historical account of the Creation of Eve, and the material that frames the repentance narratives. It also seeks to ascertain whether the individual context of each Qur'anic pericope affected the presentation of material within the Tafsīr itself.

The Neuropathic Diathesis, or the Diathesis of the Degenerate

1888 ◽  
Vol 34 (146) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
G. T. Revington
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

I think that the foregoing statistics, and those which follow, together with the large number of cases which I quote, and which connect general paralysis with almost every form of neurotic manifestation, will prove conclusively that neurotic inheritance is a striking feature in the causation of general paralysis. I question whether a distinction between “the cerebral and the insane element” in general paralysis can be maintained. If general paralysis is not a degeneration of the mind-tissue, then the pathology of insanity has no existence, and I would say that the subtle influence for evil, which is transmitted from parents, whose brains are deteriorated by neurotic outbursts, or soaked in alcohol, or wrecked by physiological immorality, tends strongly towards such degeneration. If insanity is, as Dr. Savage says, a perversion of the ego, then a general paralytic is the in-sanest of the insane. We know that the children of a melancholic parent, for example, may develop any form of neurosis—in other words, it is not that melancholia or general paralysis, or any other definite disease, is transmitted, but that a certain tendency to deviate from normal development is transmitted. This tendency to deviate is the neurotic diathesis, and the form of its development is determined by collateral circumstances, and a certain series of collateral circumstances determine the development of general paralysis. Perhaps neurotic inheritance may mean in some cases a limited capital of nervous energy, and if this is wasted recklessly the individual breaks down suddenly and pathologically, as we all do slowly and physiologically. I would also point out that considering the number of histories of insanity which owing to ignorance or reticence we, do not receive, and considering that we never receive information as to the existence of the slighter neuroses, it is marvellous that we get so high a percentage as 51. Of the 145 general paralytics with a reliable history, 38 had a family history of insanity, 28 a family history of drink, 8 of both, 43 had a personal history of drink, 8 of a previous attack too remote to be considered, at least, according to our present ideas, as part of the disease, and the vast majority had a history of some physiological irregularity which must be considered as conducive to the creation of an acquired neurosis. We may now pass to some further statistics.

scholarly journals Chaos and Order: Contemporary Cosmology and Myth

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Tomašević
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Stephen Hawking ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Concise Definition

The paper offers a definition of cosmology and its connections with mythology, and presents contemporary theories as a secular mythical narrative suitable for anthropological analysis. The paper is dedicated to emphasizing the folklore characteristics of modern cosmology and points to the importance of popular cosmological narratives as reading that contains culturally, philosophically and even religiously relevant elements. Special attention is paid to cosmogonic myths that describe the state of the universe before the creation of space and time. A parallel has been drawn between modern cosmology and conventional cosmogonic myths. In the end, the paper offers a concise definition of popular cosmology and recalls the most important authors and popularizers of modern theories. The main task of the paper is to present the basic concepts that can contribute to a complete understanding of the anthropological character of the presentation of contemporary cosmology that we encounter in popular narratives. The aim of such an analysis is to observe the depth of the significance of modern science for creating a philosophical picture of the world that inherits secular worldviews. By treating popular cosmology as a modern myth, the paper presents a new dimension of the significance of scientific theories for today's civilization. Such an approach unravels the strictly positivist halo of cosmology and points to its anthropological character. The concepts highlighted in the paper serve as an illustration of the significance that the image of the universe and the position of the Earth has for the history of civilization. By presenting the cultural dimension of cosmology, it opens a space for dialogue between different branches of scientific research, i.e. it contributes to the communication of philosophy and science. Equally important, by illuminating the folklore character of the narrative of the origin and history of the universe, a training ground is created for philosophers and theologians who, in their own ways, interpret the creation of everything around us. By drawing attention to authors such as Neil deGrasse Tyson, Lawrence Kraus, Stephen Hawking, Michio Kaku and others, as contemporary bards and narrators, the paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of popular cosmology as an expression of modern man's need for great stories, for narratives that transcend the spatial and temporal frames of one generation, and that is exactly what myths do.

A History of Police Psychology

2019 ◽  
pp. 377-402
Author(s):  
Philip S. Trompetter
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Police Psychology ◽  
American Psychological ◽  
Current Definition ◽  
Specialty Board ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter briefly identifies important societal events and governmental responses that set the stage for the emergence of the specialty of police psychology, provides the names and departments of early practitioners (1963-1990) of police psychology, and explains how the current definition of police psychology was developed, with its four domains and 55 proficiencies. The maturation of the specialty is outlined from its recognition as an American Psychological Association (APA) proficiency, to the creation of an American Board of Police & Public Safety Psychology (ABPPSP) specialty board, and most recently to its recognition as an APA specialty.

The creation of thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 422-437
Author(s):  
Robert T. Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
Revisionist History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
John Tyndall

The North British group of scientists, including Thomson, Rankine, an adopted Joule, Tait, and Maxwell created in the written word the field of thermodynamics in which temperature plays a central role. Thomson experienced the first glimpse of dQ/T; however, a valid definition of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics remained absent. John Tyndall challenged the revisionist history of this group in which Joule was declared the first to discover heat–work equivalence and not the German Mayer. This led to the infamous Tait–Tyndall controversy.

UN'EDIZIONE COMPUTERIZZATA DI ALCUNI MANOSCRITTI DI LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

Nuncius ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-260
Author(s):  
CARLO CASTELLANI
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Reggio Emilia ◽  
Science Museum ◽  
Floppy Disc ◽  
Biological Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The author has transcribed the most important manuscripts containing the laboratory notebooks of biological interest of L. Spallanzani. Here we show their importance, content and structure by means of a series of tables which give the location, dates of writing and subject matter of the individual manuscripts (which are kept at the A. Panizzi library in Reggio Emilia). An edition of these manuscripts has been transferred to floppy disc and entrusted to the Florence History of Science Museum. In this article we present the criteria which were followed in the preparation of this edition which can be consulted, after complying with the necessary formalities, at the library itself.

What is Religion?

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bergunder
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Historical Reconstructions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Religious studies cannot agree on a common definition of its subject matter. To break the impasse, important insights from recent discussions about post-foundational political theory might be of some help. However, they can only be of benefit in conversations about “religion” when the previous debate on the subject matter of religious studies is framed slightly differently. This is done in the first part of the article. It is, then, shown on closer inspection of past discussions on “religion” that a consensus-capable, contemporary, everyday understanding of “religion,” here called Religion 2, is assumed, though it remains unexplained and unreflected upon. The second part of the article shows how Religion 2 can be newly conceptualized through the lens of Ernesto Laclau’s political theory, combined with concepts from Judith Butler and Michel Foucault, and how Religion 2 can be established as the historical subject matter of religious studies. Though concrete historical reconstructions of Religion 2 always remain contested, I argue that this does not prevent it from being generally accepted as the subject matter of religious studies. The third part discusses the previous findings in the light of postcolonial concerns about potential Eurocentrism in the concept of “religion.” It is argued that Religion 2 has to be understood in a fully global perspective, and, as a consequence, more research on the global religious history of the 19th and 20th centuries is urgently needed.

scholarly journals Iconography and Artificial Features of Unknown Memory of the Decorative Art of the End of the XVIII – the Beginning of XIX Centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
V. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Decorative Art ◽  
Geographic Boundaries ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The article deals with the iconographic and artistic features of an unknown monument of decorative art of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The central elements of the Analogion's design and carving are researched. The publication highlights the main features of the individual handwriting of an unknown master of the painter who was the author of images of the figures of the saints placed on the Analogion. On the basis of the comparative analysis, an attempt to outline the chronological and probable geographic boundaries of the creation of a monument was made, the definition of which is complicated by the mobility of the memorial.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF FORENSIS-PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERSONALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-521
Author(s):  
O. Slipets
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Study ◽  
Psychological Examination ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Administrative Proceedings

Over more than a hundred years of history of the application of psychological knowledge to resolve issues of law remains a controversial series of theoretical provisions of forensic psychological examination. This is also true for the psychological examination of individual psychological (typological) features of the person. The purpose of the article is to formulate theoretical provisions of forensic psychological examination of typological features of a person, main concepts. Based on the definition of the object and subject of forensic psychological examination, the concept of object and subject of psychological examination of typological features of a person is formulated. On the basis of an analysis of the legal significance of the psychological study of a person of a suspect (accused) in criminal and administrative proceedings, the legal significance and tasks of forensic psychological examination of typological peculiarities are formulated. Proceeding from the subject of psychology, the legal significance of psychological facts for establishing legal criteria, the standardized requirements for qualification and the behavior of an expert, it is proposed to clarify the limits of competence of an expert psychologist. A means of applying the notion-limiter to general psychological categories, the definition of the basic concepts of forensic psychological examination typological features of the person. The theoretical provisions of the forensic psychological examination of psychological peculiarities of a person are formulated: object, subject, legal significance, tasks, limits of competence, thesaurus, is an element of the system of theoretical and methodical foundations of forensic psychological examination and the basis for the creation of a method of forensic psychological examination of typological features of a person .

scholarly journals Psychological characteristics of the rules of subordination within the cultural and historical analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
T.P. Budyakova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Acceptance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Importance

The article examines the psychology of submission. Given psychological characteristic standards of submission historically embodied in the moral codes and legal sources. The subject of analysis are historical regulations XII—XX centuries, the customs, in which the fixed rate of submission, as well as the memoir literature. There are four basic psychological lines of development in the history of the rules of subordination, in particular: a special regulation of the rules of subordination and increasing social importance of the role of subordinate. It is proved that psychological acceptance of a subordinate role and the satisfaction of its implementation includes the requirement of special rules regulating authority and emphasis on the social importance of the role of subordinate. It was established that one of the reasons that the job satisfaction of employees of state structures higher than employees of private companies, a large schema definition of relations with management. Hierarchical role is considered in terms of two components: the role of attributes and rules, rules of conduct. The article focuses on the fact that the individual external signs, locking status subordination, increase the level of self-esteem of subordinate.

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