scholarly journals Reading Theories and Reading Comprehension; Review and Discussed

E-Structural ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Herri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Stage ◽  
Models Of Reading ◽  
Reading Models

Abstract. In this article, several reading theories need to be reviewed in their relationships to read understanding educators and English lecturers. Three other Reading Models, Bottom-Up, Top-Down, and Interactive, are discussed in the Schema Theory at the theoretical stage. The history of reading training, kinds and purposes of reading, and cognitive reading abilities will be discussed in checking the reading understanding. Finally, it reviews six variables that are engaged in understanding English texts.Keywords: comprehension, models of reading, schema theoryAbstrak. Dalam artikel ini, beberapa teori bacaan perlu ditinjau dalam hubungannya untuk membaca pemahaman para pendidik dan dosen bahasa Inggris. Tiga Model Membaca diantaranyamodel Bottom-Up, Top-Down, dan Interactive dibahas dalam Schema Theory pada tahap teoretis. Rentetan uji coba, jenis dan tujuan membaca, serta kemampuan membaca kognitif dibahas dalam memastikan pemahaman membaca. Akhirnya, terdapat review terhadap enam variabel yang terlibat dalam memahami teks bahasa Inggris.Kata kunci: membaca, model membaca, teori schema

scholarly journals READING THEORIES AND READING COMPREHENSION

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Maria Novary Ngabut
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Models Of Reading

<p>In this article several reading theories in their relations to reading comprehension teachers and lecturers of English need to know are reviewed. At the theory level, three other Models of Reading, namely Bottom-Up, Top-Down, and Interactive are previously discussed to the Schema Theory. In reviewing the reading comprehension, the history of reading instruction, types and purposes of reading, and cognitive reading skills are discussed. Finally, it reviews six variables involved in the comprehension of English texts.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong><strong> </strong><em>m</em><em>odels of r</em><em>eading, schema theory, comprehension</em><em>, background knowledge</em></p>

scholarly journals An historical framework for psychiatric nosology

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1935-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Early History ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.

scholarly journals STUDENTS’ READING STRATEGIES AT ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Utami Dewi ◽  
Maryati Salmiah
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
University Students ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Reading Strategies ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Comprehension Strategies ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Reading Comprehension Strategies

Reading comprehension is one of the skills that students must have to enrich their knowledge, especially university students. There are two kinds of reading strategies: Top – Down strategy and Bottom – Up Strategy. The aim of this research is to find information about students’ reading comprehension strategies that were applied by the students when they were given reading comprehension text. The research design was qualitative approach. The informants consisted of ten English educational department students, one reading subject lecturer and the head of English educational department. Interview and observation were the major sources of the data to find out the students’ strategies on reading comprehension. Based on those data, it was found that most of the students applied bottom – up strategies in reading comprehension texts

scholarly journals Text as Discourse: The Chinese in Canada in Historiographical Perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J Scot
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
Denise Chong ◽  
Compare And Contrast

As a historiographical analysis, this essay seeks to understand the idea of historical layering through the topic of Chinese immigration to Canada. It considers the following four works: In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia (1974) by James Morton, White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia (1978) by W Peter Ward, From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada (1982) by Harry Con et al., and The Concubine's Children (1994) by Denise Chong. It does so in an effort to compare and contrast their approaches with regard to consensus and specialist histories, top-down and bottom-up approaches, as well as passive and active historical representations.

scholarly journals Revolutionary Socialist Internationalism: Rank-and-File Reaction in the USPD

1977 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
International Meeting ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Historical Accounts

Historical accounts of the First, Second and Third Internationals, i.e., those organizations that attempted to realize some sort of supranational working-class solidarity, have traditionally been presented in terms of congresses, programs and personalities. Invariably scholars have focused on the public and private debates at this or that international meeting and/or how Marx, Engels, Lenin or some other leading figure influenced or reacted to some specific development. In short, the history of the International has been looked at almost exclusively from the “top down”. There is not anything wrong with this approach per se, but it might be of some value to consider, occasionally at least, the people whom the various Internationals were supposed to be serving, in other words to examine the International not only from the “top down” but also from the “bottom up”.

scholarly journals IN OMNIBUS REGIONIBUS? THE FOURTEEN REGIONS AND THE CITY OF ROME

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 119-150
Author(s):  
Penelope J. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Fire Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Scholarship on the fourteen Augustan regions of Rome has tended to focus on their political and topographical significance. As a result, evidence for their social meaning and their impact on the mindsets and practices of the city's administrators and rulers has been under-exploited. This article seeks to address this lacuna. It begins by reviewing the history of Rome's regions and asking how and where the boundaries of the Augustan regions were recorded, before moving on to consider the impact of the regions on the Romans’ understanding and experiences of their city. This includes examining the evidence for bottom-up social identification with the regions, despite their top-down original creation. The paper also looks at the administrators who worked with the regions (regional magistrates and the food, water and fire services), arguing that the conceptual framework which the regions provided began to shape their working practices. Finally, it demonstrates the existence of a rhetoric of consistent provision across all fourteen regions, propagated especially by the emperors. The findings across all of these areas reveal that it is essential to take the regions and their impact into account when attempting to understand the topography of the city and the lives of its inhabitants.

scholarly journals Models of Teaching Reading Comprehension Applied by English Teacher of J-2 School In Academic Year 2016/2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Oktavia Usadi
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Models Of Teaching ◽  
Academic Year

This research aimed to analyze the models that applied by the English teacher on J-2 SCHOOl. The subject was the English teachers and the students of J-2 in academic year of 2016/2017. This research was designed as descriptive research design. The researcher instruments are observation and interviewThe result of this study is the used of bottom-up and top models in teaching reading comprehension based on Grabe theory. The frequency of directive in first and second meeting the teacher taught with bottom-up model. The teacher used bottom-up model to teach the students with word meaning and the small particle part in reading comprehension. The third until five meeting was top-down model. The teacher would teach the students with a specific aspect, like teach the students about the specific of descriptive text. It could make students more critical about the text. The underlying reasons of English teacher apply models in teaching reading comprehension are to make the process of teaching English can run appropriately with the students level and the students can join the learning process efficiently. Bottom-up and top down model could make the students active and comfortable in the classroom. 

Three-Dimensional Trait System: Binding Together the Main Sources of Diversity in Personality Traits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Shchebetenko
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lifespan Development ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

Why are there various personality traits and why are those traits revealed in widely-acclaimed models such as the Big Five? The Three-Dimensional Trait System (3D-TRASY) states that any personality trait can be defined in terms of three basic sources. The first source represents traits’ variability with regard to the brain’s functioning in terms of bottom-up and top-down processes. The second source connects to positive (rewards) and negative (punishments) social reinforcements of the trait. The third source reflects a multitude of situations in which a trait may unfold. Thus, Extraversion can be defined as a proximate bottom-up positive while Conscientiousness is a distal top-down positive. 3D-TRASY provides a framework for formal, non-tautological definitions of traits; it provides explanations for various phenomena in trait research including the super-traits of Stability and Plasticity and the maturity principle of lifespan development. 3D-TRASY presumes that some traits can occasionally closely correlate and thus establish an amalgam, which exemplifies itself in Eysenckian Psychoticism and the Big-Five’s Agreeableness. In the history of trait research, this amalgamation may explain controversies that would have facilitated emergence of novel models such as the Big Five or HEXACO. The paper contains empirical demonstrations on how 3D-TRASY can explain apparently empirical artifacts.

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