4. Minimum Standards in Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
The Sphere Project
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Hygiene Promotion

scholarly journals Childhood Malnutrition and the Association with Diarrhea, Water supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Kersa and Omo Nada Districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117863022199963
Author(s):  
Negasa Eshete Soboksa ◽  
Sirak Robele Gari ◽  
Abebe Beyene Hailu ◽  
Bezatu Mengistie Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Critical Times

Background: Inadequate water supply, sanitation, hygiene practices, and diarrhea are related to malnutrition, but there is limited evidence in Ethiopia about their association. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe childhood malnutrition and the association with diarrhea, water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices. Methods: A case-control study design was performed from December 2018 to January 2019 in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Both children aged 6 to 59 months were chosen randomly from malnourished and well-nourished children in 128 cases and 256 controls, respectively. Bodyweight, length/height, mid-upper arm circumference, and presence of edema of the children were measured according to the WHO references. Then, the nutritional status of the children was identified as a case or control using the cutoff points recommended by the WHO. To see the association-dependent and independent variables, logistic regression analysis was used. Results: A total of 378 children were included in this study (98.44%). Malnutrition was significantly increased among children who delayed breastfeeding initiation(AOR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.62-6.00), had diarrhea (AOR = 9.22; 95% CI: 5.25-16.20), were living in households indexed as the poorest (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.12-5.62), defecated in a pit latrine without slab/open pit (AOR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.17-5.30), collecting drinking water from less than/equal to 1 km distance (AOR = 4.77; 95% CI: 1.01-22.71) and sometimes practiced hand washing at the critical times (AOR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.16-5.74) compared with their counterparts. However, lactating during the survey (AOR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.18-0.67), water collection from unprotected sources (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.05-0.95) and collection and disposal of under-5 children feces elsewhere (AOR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.49) significantly reduced the likelihood of malnutrition. Conclusions: Early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, diarrhea prevention, and the use of improved latrine and handwashing practices at critical times could be important variables to improve the nutritional status of children.

scholarly journals Neglected scenario of sanitation in schools of Sunsari district of Nepal: Critical sphere for public health consideration

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Pramila Rai ◽  
R B Sah ◽  
R Rijal ◽  
PK Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Equal Right

Background: Provision of adequate water supply, sanitation facilities, hygiene and waste management in schools reduces the disease burden among children, staff and their families. Every child has equal right to grow in a safe and sound environment. However, levels of water supply, sanitation and hygiene are unacceptable in many schools worldwide.Method: Study included forty schools comprising twenty public and twenty private schools of Sunsari district selected by simple random sampling method. The status of school environment and sanitation were assessed by using observation and interview method using observation checklist, questionnaires and photographs.Result: Two public schools were completely devoid of sanitary facilities though toilet facility was present physically. Students couldn’t use toilet due to lack of water in one school due to theft of tube well and septic tank of the toilet was full in another school. Other remaining schools didn’t have satisfactory, clean and proper sanitary facilities. Only few schools had convenient hand washing point.Conclusion: Sanitation facilities were in neglected state evidenced by unavailability of sanitation facilities even though that was physically present and the sanitation facilities were in pitiable condition including cleanliness, water supply. All the stakeholders including school management, supervisors, parents, teachers, students should be ready to play vital role on their own. Lack of one toilet affects no. of students and people of surrounding area and raises of risk of soil transmitted diseases so this situation demands attention of authorities and other stakeholders.Health Renaissance 2015;13(2): 114-124

Association of childhood undernutrition with water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: A case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negasa Eshete Soboksa ◽  
Sirak Robele Gari ◽  
Abebe Beyene Hailu ◽  
Bezatu Mengistie Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Childhood Undernutrition ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Critical Times

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the association of childhood undernutrition with water supply, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.Design: A case-control study design was undertaken from December 2018 to January 2019.Setting: Kersa and Omo Nada districts of the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.Subjects: 128 cases and 256 controls were randomly selected from malnourished and well-nourished children, respectively.Outcome measures: Bodyweight, length/height, mid-upper arm circumference and presence of edema of the children were measured according to the WHO references. Then, the nutritional status of children was identified as case or control using cutoff points recommended by the WHO based on the Z-score, edema, and MUAC values recorded.Results: A total of 378 children were included in this study, with a response rate of 98.44%. Undernutrition was significantly increased among children who delayed breastfeeding initiation (AOR=2.60; 95% CI: 1.02-6.65), diarrhea (AOR=9.50; 95% CI: 5.19-17.36), living with households indexed as the poorest (AOR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.09-6.07) and defecated in a pit latrine without slab/open pit (AOR=2.49; 95% CI: 1.17-5.30), and sometimes practiced hand washing at the critical times (AOR=2.52; 95% CI: 1.10-5.75) compared with their counterparts. However, lactating during the survey (AOR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.18-0.71) and collection and disposal of under-five children feces elsewhere (AOR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.75) significantly reduced the likelihood of undernutrition.Conclusions: Early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, diarrhea prevention, the use of improved latrine, and always handwashing practices at critical times could be important variables to improve the nutritional status of children.

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