scholarly journals The Effect of Increased Female Sex Hormone Concentration on Movement Proprioception

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Daniusevičiūtė ◽  
Vitas Linonis ◽  
Lina Barsienė
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Research background and hypothesis. Over the last years, basic research on the effect of different hormones on tendons and ligaments has been initiated. Regarding oestrogen receptor localization in brain and their interaction with neurotransmitters (Maki et al., 2002; Friden et al., 2003; Farage et al., 2008), we speculate that the increase in the level of female sex hormone concentration will improve the sense of movement. Research aim was to study the effect of increased female sex hormone concentration on movement proprioception. Research methods. Subjects were healthy and physically active women (n = 15) with normal menstrual cycle, aged 19–23 years, body weight – 58.2 ± 6.1 kg, height – 168.4 ± 5.6 cm as well as female basketball players  (n = 15) with normal menstrual cycle, aged 19–23 years, body weight – 78.31 ± 2.81 kg, height – 182.40 ± 4.71 cm. We performed three experiments with each participant: in follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase. The samples of 5 ml venom blood were taken to establish the amount of estradio17β-estradiol and progesterone concentration. The sense of knee joint position was evaluated using isokinetic dynamometer (System 3; Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, New York, USA). During a training session, a subject’s right leg was flexed at the knee joint and fixed at the angle of 90°. Prior to each test, the researcher demonstrated the target angle of 60° by stretching subject’s leg. In order to train the flexion of the knee joint, a subject’s right leg was extended at the knee joint and fixed at the angle of 0°. The researcher demonstrated the target angle of 50° by flexing subject’s leg. The subjects had to perform three tests at the velocity of 2°/s, 5°/s and 10°/s with their eyes open and closed. Research results.  Females in the control group performed knee joint proprioception task better with an extended knee at velocity of 2°/s with open eyes during the follicular phase, but at the velocity of 10°/s the values were better during ovulation. Basketball players performed the same task better at velocity of 5°/s during ovulation, but at velocity of 10°/s the values were better during the luteal phase. Females in control group performed knee joint proprioception task with an extended knee at the velocity of 5°/s with closed eyes better during the luteal phase. No statistical difference between control group and basketball player indices of knee joint position proprioception task with a flexed knee at velocity of 2°/s, 5°/s and 10 °/s with closed eyes during the menstrual cycle was found.Discussion and conclusion. Knee joint proprioception indices were better during ovulation phase in control group and basketball players.Keywords: knee joint proprioception, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.

Serum and urinary concentrations of sex hormones and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of the gibbon

1993 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Nadler ◽  
J. F. Dahl ◽  
D. C. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Multimale Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Monitoring Progress ◽  
Female Genital

ABSTRACT The relationship between sex hormone concentrations and female genital swelling during the menstrual cycle in the monogamous gibbon was comparable with that of polygamous female primates, such as the chimpanzee, which live in multimale groups and have larger swellings. The data, therefore, support the hypothesis proposed by C. R. Carpenter more than 50 years ago, that the gibbon's genital swelling, like that of other female primates, reflects basic physiological processes associated with progress of the menstrual cycle. Genital swelling increased during the follicular phase with increasing concentrations of oestradiol and oestrone glucuronide, reached maximal swelling in association with the mid-cycle peaks in the oestrogens and LH and began detumescence with the initial increases in progesterone during the luteal phase. The data also suggest that the menstrual cycle of the gibbon is shorter than previously reported, since cycles of 19–22 days exhibited hormone patterns that are consistent with ovulation. The genital swelling of the female gibbon is a useful marker for monitoring progress of the menstrual cycle and the presumptive time of ovulation. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 136, 447–455

scholarly journals Variation in the Renin Angiotensin System throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Mala Chidambaram ◽  
John A. Duncan ◽  
Vesta S. Lai ◽  
Daniel C. Cattran ◽  
John S. Floras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that circulating renin angiotensin system (RAS) components peak when plasma estrogen levels are highest, during the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. This phenomenon has been attributed to “activation” of the RAS. The end-organ vasoconstrictive response to this phenomenon has not been well established. In two related experiments, the RAS was studied in healthy, premenopausal women during predefined phases of the normal menstrual cycle. In the first experiment, the circulating components of the RAS and the systemic hemodynamic response to incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle were examined. Response variables included mean arterial pressure (MAP), renin, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII), and aldosterone. Baseline levels of renin, PRA, and aldosterone were significantly higher in the luteal phase. In response to LBNP, there were significant increases in all variables in both phases; however, the humoral response to this stimulus was significantly augmented in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. Despite these elevations in circulating components of the RAS during the luteal phase, subjects were unable to maintain MAP in response to LBNP, exhibiting a dramatic depressor response that did not occur during the follicular phase. In the second experiment, renal and peripheral hemodynamic function at baseline, and in response to AngII blockade with losartan, were examined in women during these high and low estrogen phases of the menstrual cycle. The renal and peripheral hemodynamic responses were similar in the luteal phase and the follicular phase. These results demonstrate that, despite an increase in circulating RAS components during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the system is blunted rather than “activated,” at least at a tissue level. Further studies are needed to clarify this mechanism.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pierson ◽  
Kelly Pagidas
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that occur from intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and uterine axes. The menstrual cycle is under hormonal control in the reproductively active female and is functionally divided into two phases: the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase. This tight hormonal control is orchestrated by a series of negative and positive endocrine feedback loops that alter the frequency of the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary response to GnRH, and the relative secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gonadotrope with subsequent direct effects on the ovary to produce a series of sex steroids and peptides that aid in the generation of a single mature oocyte and the preparation of a receptive endometrium for implantation to ensue. Any derailment along this programmed pathway can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle with subsequent impact on the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy. This review contains 7 figures and 26 references Key words: follicle-stimulating hormone, follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone, menstrual cycle, ovulation, progesterone, proliferative phase, secretory phase

THE SEQUENCE OF PITUITARY RESPONSES TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) THROUGHOUT THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn M. Grimes ◽  
Irwin E. Thompson ◽  
Melvin L. Taymor
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Thirty-one ovulatory women between 20 and 33 years of age were given 150 μg of synthetic LH-RH during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Five patients were studied during the early follicular phase (days 4–7); 10 patients during the late follicular phase (days 9–12); 6 patients during the "LH Surge"; 5 patients during the early luteal phase (days 14–16); 3 patients during mid-luteal phase (days 17–21); and 2 patients during late luteal phase (days 22–27). Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH levels were determined from 30 min prior to LH-RH administration to 90 min thereafter in all cases. LH response to LH-RH increased progressively during the follicular phase. Enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH occurred at mid-cycle for both LH and FSH and maximum LH responses occurred during the "LH Surge" and early luteal phase. LH responses during the mid and late luteal phases were similar to late follicular phase responses. There were no significant differences between FSH responses during the early follicular, late follicular, mid-luteal and late luteal phases. Maximum pituitary responsiveness appears to occur in a gonadal steroid milieu of high oestrogen levels in association with rising but low progesterone levels. Progesterone or a crucial oestrogen: progesterone ratio may in fact potentiate pituitary release of LH during the early stages of corpus luteum formation. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH correlates positively with basal LH and oestrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and with the oestrogen:progesterone ratio during the luteal phase.

scholarly journals Endogenous thrombin potential is higher during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1846-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chaireti ◽  
K. M. Gustafsson ◽  
B. Bystrom ◽  
K. Bremme ◽  
T. L. Lindahl
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Endogenous Thrombin Potential ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone and androgen responses to a standardized ACTH-stimulation in different stages of the normal menstrual cycle

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kruyt ◽  
R. Rolland
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Acth Stimulation Test ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Three Stages

Abstract. The release of cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone during a standardized ACTH-stimulation test was investigated in three different stages of the normal menstrual cycle, to conclude if there is any stage dependency on the release of these hormones. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three stages concerning cortisol and testosterone increase. The increase of androstenedione in the pre-ovulatory stage was significantly higher than that seen during the early follicular phase of the cycle. The increase of 17α-OH-progesterone in the luteal phase was significantly less than that of both the early and late follicular stages of the cycle. Progesterone levels showed a small, but significant increase after ACTH-stimulation, in both the early and late stage of the follicular phase. However, the levels remained within the normal range of the follicular phase. In the luteal phase no increase was seen after ACTH-stimulation. Oestradtiol-17β levels did not change at all after ACTH-stimulation. The stage dependency of androstenedione and 17α-OH-progesterone is discussed. The described stage-dependency different increase of 17α-OH-progesterone release can be of importance when the results of ACTH-tests are evaluated to detect carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Excretory Patterns of Urinary Free 11-Hydroxycortico-Steroids and Total Oestrogens Throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 201-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Walker ◽  
I. McGilp
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Random Fluctuations ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Urine Specimens

Summary The excretion of urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and total oestrogens was studied daily in morning urine specimens throughout the menstrual cycle of six normal women (age range 18–24 years). The follicular phase of the cycle was characterised by apparently random fluctuations in the excretion of urinary free corticosteroids. However, after the mid-cycle oestrogen peak there occurred a significant drop in corticosteroid excretion, which then rose to a peak eight to 10 days after ovulation and was synchronous with the second oestrogen peak during the luteal phase.

Blood pressure and renal haemodynamic response to salt during the normal menstrual cycle

2000 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoinette PECHÈRE-BERTSCHI ◽  
Marc MAILLARD ◽  
Hans STALDER ◽  
Hans R. BRUNNER ◽  
Michel BURNIER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Renal Haemodynamics ◽  
Haemodynamic Response ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate prospectively blood pressure and the renal haemodynamic response to salt during the normal menstrual cycle. A total of 35 healthy normotensive young women not on oral contraceptives were enrolled; 17 were studied in the follicular phase and 18 in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The women in each group were then randomly allocated to receive a low-sodium (40 mmol/day) or a high-sodium (250 mmol/day) diet for a 7-day period in two consecutive menstrual cycles. At the end of each dietary period, 24 h ambulatory blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, plasma renin activity, plasma catecholamine levels and renal haemodynamics were measured. Our results show that the blood pressure response to salt is comparable during the luteal and the follicular phases of the normal menstrual cycle and is characterized by a salt-resistant pattern. In the kidney, effective renal plasma flow was significantly greater and the filtration fraction lower (P < 0.05) after salt loading in women studied in the luteal phase compared with women investigated in the follicular phase. This study thus demonstrates that the female hormone status does not affect the blood pressure response to sodium in young normotensive women. However, in contrast with systemic haemodynamics, the renal response to salt varies during the normal menstrual cycle, suggesting that female sex hormones play a role (direct or indirect) in the regulation of renal haemodynamics.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pierson ◽  
Kelly Pagidas
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that occur from intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and uterine axes. The menstrual cycle is under hormonal control in the reproductively active female and is functionally divided into two phases: the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase. This tight hormonal control is orchestrated by a series of negative and positive endocrine feedback loops that alter the frequency of the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary response to GnRH, and the relative secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gonadotrope with subsequent direct effects on the ovary to produce a series of sex steroids and peptides that aid in the generation of a single mature oocyte and the preparation of a receptive endometrium for implantation to ensue. Any derailment along this programmed pathway can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle with subsequent impact on the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy. This review contains 7 figures and 26 references Key words: follicle-stimulating hormone, follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone, menstrual cycle, ovulation, progesterone, proliferative phase, secretory phase

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF TESTOSTERONE DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. A. Ismail ◽  
R. A. Harkness ◽  
J. A. Loraine
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Menstruating Women ◽  
Steroid Excretion

ABSTRACT Serial assays of urinary testosterone have been performed in seven normally menstruating women; in six of these pregnanediol estimations were also conducted and in four oestrogen determinations were made. All the cycles were of an ovulatory character as judged by the pattern of steroid excretion. In five subjects peaks of testosterone output were observed in the luteal phase of the cycle. In one a broad band of excretion extended from midcycle into the luteal phase, and in one the luteal peak was absent. Four women showed definite peaks of testosterone output at midcycle, and in two follicular phase peaks were also encountered. It is suggested that fluctuations in urinary testosterone excretion during the normal menstrual cycle result from the secretion of precursors of the hormone by the ovaries rather than by the adrenals.

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