scholarly journals Time of Fast Learning in Speed-Accuracy Tasks is Different for Children and Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (80) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Motiejūnaitė ◽  
Dalia Mickevičienė ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Kazimieras Pukėnas ◽  
Diana Karanauskienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Manual Task ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
The Right ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Research background and hypothesis. Motor learning is characterized by specific set of changes in performance parameters which occur gradually over a course of learning period.Research aim. The aim of the study was to establish and compare the characteristics of learning speed-accuracy movements of children and adults. Research methods. The research participants were 13 healthy boys, 16 girls, 5 healthy men and 7 women. The research was carried out applying the analyzer of dynamic parameters of human leg and arm movement (DPA-1). We registered maximal and average movement speed, the reaction time and the movement trajectory of the right hand. Research results. We established signifi cant differences (p < 0.05–0.001) in reaction time (RT), average movement speed (Va), maximal movement speed (Vm) and movement trajectory (S) between children and adults. Discussion and conclusions. Motor adaptation in timescales of minutes is supported by two distinct processes: one process when a person learns slowly from errors but has strong retention, and another process is when a person learns rapidly from errors but has poor retention (Ethier et al., 2008). We might only speculate that children used the second strategy more than adults. The time of fast learning in a speed-accuracy task was different between children and adults. The accuracy was most improved by children at the expense of the quickness, while adults improved only the average velocity of their performance. Besides, most of the variability of performance variables changed more signifi cantly in children than in adults.Keywords: motor learning, motor control, age, manual task.

scholarly journals Does Performance of Speed-Accuracy Movements Depend on Gender and the Left or the Right Hand?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (77) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Motiejūnaitė ◽  
Dalia Mickevičienė ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Diana Karanauskienė ◽  
Mantas Mickevičius
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Dynamic Parameters ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The aim of the study was to establish the differences in men and women’s performance of speed-accuracy movements with their left (LH) and right (RH) hands. The research participants were 24 healthy right-handed subjects: 12 males (aged 20.8 ± 1.1 years) and 12 females (aged 21.4 ± 1.0 years). The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Human Motor Control at the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (LAPE) applying the analyzer of dynamic parameters of human leg and arm movement (DPA-1; Patent No. 5251; 2005 08 25), which is used for the qualitative estimation of the dynamic parameters of one arm and leg target movement, two arms and legs coordinated and independent target movements, when the resistance power and target are coded with different programmable parameters. The task was performed with the right and then with the left hand (50 repetitions with each hand). The subjects had two tasks: a) to react as quickly as possible (simple task); b) to react as quickly as possible and to hit the target on a computer screen quickly and accurately (complicated task). We registered the maximal and mean movement speed, reaction time, movement trajectory and intraindividual variability of the right and the left hands. Conclusions. There was no significant difference in accuracy between female and male subjects, thought female subjects performed speed-accuracy task more slowly than men. Both males and females performed the speed-accuracy task with their right hand faster and more accurately than with their left hand. Performing movements with different hands the indices of reaction time did not differ significantly. Both males and females performed movements with their right and left hands with the same intraindividual variability.Keywords: movement control, reaction time, speed-accuracy task, right and left hand, gender. 

scholarly journals How do Reaction Time and Movement Speed Depend on the Complexity of the Task?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (69) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Mickevičienė ◽  
Kristina Motiejūnaitė ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Tomas Darbutas ◽  
Diana Karanauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Dynamic Parameters ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
High Performing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Complicated Task

The aim of the research was to determine how the reaction time and the movement speed depend on the complexity of the task. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Human Motor Control at the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (LAPE) applying the analyzer of dynamic parameters of human leg and arm movement (DPA-1; Patent No. 5251; 2005 08 25), which is used for the qualitative estimation of the dynamic parameters of one arm and leg target movement, two arms and legs coordinated and independent target movements, when the resistance power and target are coded with different programmable parameters. We registered the reaction time (RT) and the movement speed (Vmax) performing simple tasks of reaction and speed and a complicated task of accuracy. Research results indicated that performing a complicated task the reaction is slower, and the maximal movement speed is lower than performing a simple task. However, it does not mean that movement speed will be higher when the reaction is faster performing a simple task. The data obtained confirmed Hick’s law proposing that reaction time is directly proportional to the complexity of the task because performing the tasks of different levels of complexity the reaction time values of the right arm were statistically significantly different (p < 0.001). After performing the analysis of variation coefficients we established that the highest coefficient of variation was received from the indices of movement speed performing a speed task (23%), and the lowest — of reaction time performing a reaction task (10%). The obtained results confirm other authors’ suggestion that performing a complicated task the reaction time is a more steadily controlled index than maximal movement speed. A strong correlation was determined between the reaction time values performing the tasks of reaction and accuracy, but there was no statistical link between the maximal speed values performing the tasks of speed and accuracy. This indicates that if the movement speed is high performing a simple task, it does not mean that it will be high performing a complicated task. Conclusions: 1) performing a complicated task reaction time is longer, and maximal movement speed is lower than performing a simple task; 2) the complexity of the task more impacts the dispersion of results of the movement speed than of the reaction time; 3) high speed performing a simple task does not indicate that it will be high performing a complicated task.Keywords: reaction time, movement speed, the complexity of the task.

Physical activity as the main factor affecting body composition of the visually impaired

Physiotherapy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Olszewska ◽  
Anna Jackowiak ◽  
Agnieszka Chwałczyńska ◽  
Krzysztof A. Sobiech
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Blind And Visually Impaired ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine how physical activity affected the physical fitness and body composition of the blind and visually impaired.The study included 28 male students from the Lower Silesia Special Educational Centre No. 13 for the Blind and Visually Impaired in Wroclaw, aged 18–22 years, with disability degree certificates. The subjects were divided into two groups: physically active men (TR,Men engaging in additional forms of physical activity presented significant (Additional physical activity undertaken by the visually impaired has a positive effect on their physical fitness, namely and primarily on their flexibility, functional strength, speed, arm movement speed, jumping ability, and the strength of the abdominal muscles. Moreover, additional physical activity significantly affects the overall and segmental body composition in the lower limbs and the right upper limb.

scholarly journals Can proprioceptive training improve motor learning?

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 3313-3321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Wong ◽  
Dinant A. Kistemaker ◽  
Alvin Chin ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Proprioceptive Training

Recent work has investigated the link between motor learning and sensory function in arm movement control. A number of findings are consistent with the idea that motor learning is associated with systematic changes to proprioception (Haith A, Jackson C, Mial R, Vijayakumar S. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 21: 593–600, 2008; Ostry DJ, Darainy M, Mattar AA, Wong J, Gribble PL. J Neurosci 30: 5384–5393, 2010; Vahdat S, Darainy M, Milner TE, Ostry DJ. J Neurosci 31: 16907–16915, 2011). Here, we tested whether motor learning could be improved by providing subjects with proprioceptive training on a desired hand trajectory. Subjects were instructed to reproduce both the time-varying position and velocity of novel, complex hand trajectories. Subjects underwent 3 days of training with 90 movement trials per day. Active movement trials were interleaved with demonstration trials. For control subjects, these interleaved demonstration trials consisted of visual demonstration alone. A second group of subjects received visual and proprioceptive demonstration simultaneously; this group was presented with the same visual stimulus, but, in addition, their limb was moved through the target trajectory by a robot using servo control. Subjects who experienced the additional proprioceptive demonstration of the desired trajectory showed greater improvements during training movements than control subjects who only received visual information. This benefit of adding proprioceptive training was seen in both movement speed and position error. Interestingly, additional control subjects who received proprioceptive guidance while actively moving their arm during demonstration trials did not show the same improvement in positional accuracy. These findings support the idea that the addition of proprioceptive training can augment motor learning, and that this benefit is greatest when the subject passively experiences the goal movement.

Children, Young Adults, and Older Adults Choose Different Fast Learning Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Mickeviciene ◽  
Renata Rutkauskaite ◽  
Dovile Valanciene ◽  
Diana Karanauskiene ◽  
Marius Brazaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Dynamic Parameter ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Fast Adaptation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The aim of the study was to establish whether there were differences in speed–accuracy movement learning strategies between children, young adults, and older adults. A total of 30 boys, 30 young adult men, and 30 older men were seated in a special chair at a table with a Dynamic Parameter Analyzer 1. Participants had to perform a speed–accuracy task with the right-dominant hand. It may be assumed that the motor variables of children are more prone to change during the fast learning process than those of young adults and older adults and that the development of internal models is more changeable in children than in young adults and the older adults during the fast adaptation-based learning process.

scholarly journals Dependence of Reaction Time and Movement Speed on Task Complexity and Age

Medicina ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Darbutas ◽  
Vilma Juodžbalienė ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Aleksandras Kriščiūnas
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
The Right

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in reaction time, reaction complexity, and movement speed depending on age. Material and Methods. The study included 40 healthy subjects (20 young and 20 older women and men). The study was conducted at the Human Motorics Laboratory, Lithuanian Sports University. An analyzer DPA-1 of dynamic upper and lower limb movements was used for the research purposes. Results. The reaction time of the right arm of the young subjects was 0.26 s (SD, 0.01) and that of the left arm was 0.25 s (SD, 0.02), when an accuracy task was performed. The reaction time of the older subjects was 0.29 s (SD, 0.03) and 0.28 s (SD, 0.03) for the right and left arms, respectively. The reaction time of the right leg of the young subjects was 0.26 s (SD, 0.02) and that of the left leg was 0.27 s (SD, 0.03). The reaction time of the right and left legs of the older subjects was 0.33 s (SD, 0.02) and 0.35 s (SD, 0.04), respectively. The reaction of the young subjects was almost two times faster compared with the older persons after the accuracy task with each limb was accomplished. Conclusions. In case of movements with arms and legs, reaction time and movement speed directly depend on the complexity of a task. Reaction time and movement speed are slower for the older subjects in comparison with the young ones; the results worsen in proportion to the increasing complexity of a task.

scholarly journals Immediate compensation for variations in self-generated Coriolis torques related to body dynamics and carried objects

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1370-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Pigeon ◽  
Paul DiZio ◽  
James R. Lackner
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Intersegmental Dynamics ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dynamic Dominance ◽  
Interaction Torques

We have previously shown that the Coriolis torques that result when an arm movement is performed during torso rotation do not affect movement trajectory. Our purpose in the present study was to examine whether torso motion-induced Coriolis and other interaction torques are counteracted during a turn and reach (T&R) movement when the effective mass of the hand is augmented, and whether the dominant arm has an advantage in coordinating intersegmental dynamics as predicted by the dynamic dominance hypothesis (Sainburg RL. Exp Brain Res 142: 241–258, 2002). Subjects made slow and fast T&R movements in the dark to just extinguished targets with either arm, while holding or not holding a 454-g object. Movement endpoints were equally accurate at both speeds, with either hand, and in both weight conditions, but subjects tended to angularly undershoot and produce more variable endpoints for targets requiring greater torso rotation. There were no changes in endpoint accuracy or trajectory deviation over repeated movements. The dominant right arm was more stable in its control of trajectory direction across targets, whereas the nondominant left arm had an improved ability to stop accurately on the target for higher levels of interaction torques. The trajectories to more eccentric targets were straighter when performed at higher speeds but slightly more deviated when subjects held the weight. Subjects did not slow their torso velocity or change the timing of the arm and torso velocities when holding the weight, although there was a slight decrease in their hand velocity relative to the torso. The delay between the onsets of torso and finger movements was almost twice as large for the right arm than the left, suggesting the right arm was better able to account for torso rotation in the arm movement. Holding the weight increased the peak Coriolis torque by 40% at the shoulder and 45% at the elbow and, for the most eccentric target, increased the peak net torque by 12% at the shoulder and 34% at the elbow. In accordance with Sainburg's dynamic dominance hypothesis, the right arm exhibited an advantage for coordinating intersegmental dynamics, showing a more stable finger velocity in relation to the torso across targets, decreasing error variability with movement speed, and more synchronized peaks of finger relative and torso angular velocities in conditions with greater joint torque requirements. The arm used had little effect on the movement path and the magnitude of the joint torques in any of the conditions. These results indicate that compensations for forthcoming Coriolis torque variations take into account the dynamic properties of the body and of external objects, as well as the planned velocities of the torso and arm.

Neuroticism and Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff in Self-Paced Speeded Mental Addition and Comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagen C. Flehmig ◽  
Michael B. Steinborn ◽  
Karl Westhoff ◽  
Robert Langner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Mental Addition ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

Previous research suggests a relationship between neuroticism (N) and the speed-accuracy tradeoff in speeded performance: High-N individuals were observed performing less efficiently than low-N individuals and compensatorily overemphasizing response speed at the expense of accuracy. This study examined N-related performance differences in the serial mental addition and comparison task (SMACT) in 99 individuals, comparing several performance measures (i.e., response speed, accuracy, and variability), retest reliability, and practice effects. N was negatively correlated with mean reaction time but positively correlated with error percentage, indicating that high-N individuals tended to be faster but less accurate in their performance than low-N individuals. The strengthening of the relationship after practice demonstrated the reliability of the findings. There was, however, no relationship between N and distractibility (assessed via measures of reaction time variability). Our main findings are in line with the processing efficiency theory, extending the relationship between N and working style to sustained self-paced speeded mental addition.

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