scholarly journals Cell Volume Regulation in Immune Cell Function, Activation and Survival

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Volume Decrease

The regulation of cell volume is an essential cellular process in nearly every living organism. The importance of volume regulation in immune cells cannot be understated, as it ensures proper cellular function and effective immune response. These cells utilize ion channels and transporters to maintain volume homeostasis through rapid ion transport across the cell membrane. Immune cells express mechanisms controlling regulatory volume decrease (RVD), regulatory volume increase (RVI), proliferative RVD, and apoptotic volume decrease (AVD). In this review, we summarize recent studies examining the importance of several ion channels, particularly potassium and chloride channels in regulating ion transport during osmotic stress, and in immune cell function, activation, proliferation, and death. We also review the key mechanisms functioning in immune cell proliferation and apoptosis. They serve a crucial role in maintaining adequate ionic concentrations, mediating immune cell activation, and generating proliferative pathways. These regulatory mechanisms play key roles in the function and survival of immune cells, as impaired volume regulation contributes to the pathophysiology of various disorders. A complete understanding of immune cell volume regulatory mechanisms may be a starting point for the development of therapeutic agents targeting these ion channels to treat inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Acid-Sensing Ion Channels: Expression and Function in Resident and Infiltrating Immune Cells in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria S. Foster ◽  
Lachlan D. Rash ◽  
Glenn F. King ◽  
Michelle M. Rank
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Acid Sensing Ion Channels ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tissue Acidosis

Peripheral and central immune cells are critical for fighting disease, but they can also play a pivotal role in the onset and/or progression of a variety of neurological conditions that affect the central nervous system (CNS). Tissue acidosis is often present in CNS pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, epileptic seizures, and depression, and local pH is also reduced during periods of ischemia following stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. These pathological increases in extracellular acidity can activate a class of proton-gated channels known as acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). ASICs have been primarily studied due to their ubiquitous expression throughout the nervous system, but it is less well recognized that they are also found in various types of immune cells. In this review, we explore what is currently known about the expression of ASICs in both peripheral and CNS-resident immune cells, and how channel activation during pathological tissue acidosis may lead to altered immune cell function that in turn modulates inflammatory pathology in the CNS. We identify gaps in the literature where ASICs and immune cell function has not been characterized, such as neurotrauma. Knowledge of the contribution of ASICs to immune cell function in neuropathology will be critical for determining whether the therapeutic benefits of ASIC inhibition might be due in part to an effect on immune cells.

scholarly journals Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizeng Li ◽  
Xiaohan Zhou ◽  
Sean X. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Before And After

Cells lacking a stiff cell wall, e.g., mammalian cells, must actively regulate their volume to maintain proper cell function. On the time scale that protein production is negligible, water flow in and out of the cell determines the cell volume variation. Water flux follows hydraulic and osmotic gradients; the latter is generated by various ion channels, transporters, and pumps in the cell membrane. Compared to the widely studied roles of sodium, potassium, and chloride in cell volume regulation, the effects of proton and bicarbonate are less understood. In this work, we use mathematical models to analyze how proton and bicarbonate, combined with sodium, potassium, chloride, and buffer species, regulate cell volume upon inhibition of ion channels, transporters, and pumps. The model includes several common, widely expressed ion transporters and focuses on obtaining generic outcomes. Results show that the intracellular osmolarity remains almost constant before and after cell volume change. The steady-state cell volume does not depend on water permeability. In addition, to ensure the stability of cell volume and ion concentrations, cells need to develop redundant mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, i.e., multiple ion channels or transporters are involved in the flux of the same ion species. These results provide insights for molecular mechanisms of cell volume regulation with additional implications for water-driven cell migration.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone metabolism in innate immune cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. R67-R81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H van der Spek ◽  
Eric Fliers ◽  
Anita Boelen
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cell ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell Function

Thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and thyroid status have been linked to various aspects of the immune response. There is extensive literature available on the effects of thyroid hormone on innate immune cells. However, only recently have authors begun to study the mechanisms behind these effects and the role of intracellular TH metabolism in innate immune cell function during inflammation. This review provides an overview of the molecular machinery of intracellular TH metabolism present in neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells and the role and effects of intracellular TH metabolism in these cells. Circulating TH levels have a profound effect on neutrophil, macrophage and dendritic cell function. In general, increased TH levels result in an amplification of the pro-inflammatory response of these cells. The mechanisms behind these effects include both genomic and non-genomic effects of TH. Besides a pro-inflammatory effect induced by extracellular TH, the cellular response to pro-inflammatory stimuli appears to be dependent on functional intracellular TH metabolism. This is illustrated by the fact that the deiodinase enzymes and in some cell types also thyroid hormone receptors appear to be crucial for adequate innate immune cell function. This overview of the literature suggests that TH metabolism plays an important role in the host defence against infection through the modulation of innate immune cell function.

Thyroid Hormone and Deiodination in Innate Immune Cells

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H van der Spek ◽  
Eric Fliers ◽  
Anita Boelen
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

Abstract Thyroid hormone has recently been recognized as an important determinant of innate immune cell function. Highly specialized cells of the innate immune system, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells, are capable of identifying pathogens and initiating an inflammatory response. They can either phagocytose and kill microbes, or recruit other innate or adaptive immune cells to the site of inflammation. Innate immune cells derive from the hematopoietic lineage and are generated in the bone marrow, from where they can be recruited into the blood and tissues in the case of infection. The link between the immune and endocrine systems is increasingly well established, and recent studies have shown that innate immune cells can be seen as important thyroid hormone target cells. Tight regulation of cellular thyroid hormone availability and action is performed by thyroid hormone transporters, receptors, and the deiodinase enzymes. Innate immune cells express all these molecular elements of intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism. Interestingly, there is recent evidence for a causal relationship between cellular thyroid hormone status and innate immune cell function. This review describes the effects of modulation of intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism on innate immune cell function, specifically neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, with a special focus on the deiodinase enzymes. Although there are insufficient data at this stage for conclusions on the clinical relevance of these findings, thyroid hormone metabolism may partially determine the innate immune response and, by inference, the clinical susceptibility to infections.

scholarly journals STAT3, a Master Regulator of Anti-Tumor Immune Response

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rébé ◽  
Ghiringhelli
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Transcription 3

Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment regulate cancer growth. Thus cancer progression is dependent on the activation or repression of transcription programs involved in the proliferation/activation of lymphoid and myeloid cells. One of the main transcription factors involved in many of these pathways is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In this review we will focus on the role of STAT3 and its regulation, e.g. by phosphorylation or acetylation in immune cells and how it might impact immune cell function and tumor progression. Moreover, we will review the ability of STAT3 to regulate checkpoint inhibitors.

Immunometabolism in bladder cancer microenvironment

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Fattahi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Haghshenas ◽  
Abbas Ghaderi
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Metabolite Accumulation ◽  
And Migration

Abstract: The initiation and progression of bladder cancer (BC), is dependent on its tumor microenvironment (TME). On the other hand, cancer cells shape and train TME to support their development, respond to treatment and migration in an organism. Immune cells exert key roles in the BC microenvironment and have complex interactions with BC cells. These complicated interplays result in metabolic competition in the TME leading to nutrient deprivation, acidosis, hypoxia and metabolite accumulation, which impair immune cell function. Recent studies have demonstrated that immune cells functions are closely correlated with their metabolism. Immunometabolism describes the functional metabolic alterations that take place within immune cells and the role of these cells in directing metabolism and immune response in tissues or diseases such as cancer. Some molecules and their metabolites in the TME including glucose, fatty acids and amino acids can regulate the phenotype, function and metabolism of immune cells. Hence, here we describe some recent advances in immunometabolism and relate them to BC progression. A profound understanding of the metabolic reprogramming of BC cells and immune cells in the TME will offer novel opportunities for targeted therapies in future.

scholarly journals Quantitative Bio-Imaging Tools to Dissect the Interplay of Membrane and Cytoskeletal Actin Dynamics in Immune Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Schneider ◽  
Huw Colin-York ◽  
Marco Fritzsche
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics ◽  
Bio Imaging ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Cellular function is reliant on the dynamic interplay between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. This critical relationship is of particular importance in immune cells, where both the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane work in concert to organize and potentiate immune signaling events. Despite their importance, there remains a critical gap in understanding how these respective dynamics are coupled, and how this coupling in turn may influence immune cell function from the bottom up. In this review, we highlight recent optical technologies that could provide strategies to investigate the simultaneous dynamics of both the cytoskeleton and membrane as well as their interplay, focusing on current and future applications in immune cells. We provide a guide of the spatio-temporal scale of each technique as well as highlighting novel probes and labels that have the potential to provide insights into membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics. The quantitative biophysical tools presented here provide a new and exciting route to uncover the relationship between plasma membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics that underlies immune cell function.

Signal Transduction and Cell Volume Regulation in Plant Leaflet Movements

Physiology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Moran ◽  
YG Yueh ◽  
RC Crain
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Effect Of Light

Leaflet movements and underlying cell volume changes are visual indicators of ion transport in specialized cells of various plants. These cells are an attractive model to study regulation of plant ion transport. We focus on the effect of light, the biological clock, and mechanosensing on ion channels mediating cell volume regulation.

scholarly journals Adaptive immunity at the crossroads of autophagy and metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shree Padma Metur ◽  
Daniel J. Klionsky
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Protein Synthesis Machinery

AbstractThe function of lymphocytes is dependent on their plasticity, particularly their adaptation to energy availability and environmental stress, and their protein synthesis machinery. Lymphocytes are constantly under metabolic stress, and macroautophagy/autophagy is the primary metabolic pathway that helps cells overcome stressors. The intrinsic role of autophagy in regulating the metabolism of adaptive immune cells has recently gained increasing attention. In this review, we summarize and discuss the versatile roles of autophagy in regulating cellular metabolism and the implications of autophagy for immune cell function and fate, especially for T and B lymphocytes.

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