scholarly journals European regulations

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
Jean Devroye
Keyword(s):  
European Regulations

Review of the Current State and Future Development in Standardising Artificial Lighting

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Thorns
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This paper discusses the organisations involved in the development of application standards, European regulations and best practice guides, their scope of work and internal structures. It considers their respective visions for the requirements for future standardisation work and considers in more detail those areas where these overlap, namely human centric or integrative lighting, connectivity and the Internet of Things, inclusivity and sustainability.

Constitutional aspects of the reform of the Polish justice system in 2017–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 276-293
Author(s):  
Mateusz Radajewski
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
National Council ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
European Regulations

Summary The article concerns the issue of constitutionality of the reform of the justice system in Poland in 2017–2018, which resulted in significant changes of the functioning of the National Council of the Judiciary and the Supreme Court. When discussing the reform of the Supreme Court, the author first of all points to the constitutional problems associated with the premature retirement of some of its judges, which is also connected with the interruption of the six-year term of the First President of the Supreme Court. A separate issue discussed in the article is the introduction to the Supreme Court the lay judges, which is a unique phenomenon on the global scale. The analyses lead the author to formulate final conclusions, also referring to the European regulations and to refer to the unconstitutionality of the solutions adopted by the Polish parliament.

scholarly journals Novel Virulent Bacteriophages Infecting Mediterranean Isolates of the Plant Pest Xylella fastidiosa and Xanthomonas albilineans

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 725
Author(s):  
Fernando Clavijo-Coppens ◽  
Nicolas Ginet ◽  
Sophie Cesbron ◽  
Martial Briand ◽  
Marie-Agnès Jacques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Phylogeny Analysis ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Surrogate Host

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a plant pathogen causing significant losses in agriculture worldwide. Originating from America, this bacterium caused recent epidemics in southern Europe and is thus considered an emerging pathogen. As the European regulations do not authorize antibiotic treatment in plants, alternative treatments are urgently needed to control the spread of the pathogen and eventually to cure infected crops. One such alternative is the use of phage therapy, developed more than 100 years ago to cure human dysentery and nowadays adapted to agriculture. The first step towards phage therapy is the isolation of the appropriate bacteriophages. With this goal, we searched for phages able to infect Xf strains that are endemic in the Mediterranean area. However, as Xf is truly a fastidious organism, we chose the phylogenetically closest and relatively fast-growing organism X. albineans as a surrogate host for the isolation step. Our results showed the isolation from various sources and preliminary characterization of several phages active on different Xf strains, namely, from the fastidiosa (Xff), multiplex (Xfm), and pauca (Xfp) subspecies, as well as on X. albilineans. We sequenced their genomes, described their genomic features, and provided a phylogeny analysis that allowed us to propose new taxonomic elements. Among the 14 genomes sequenced, we could identify two new phage species, belonging to two new genera of the Caudoviricetes order, namely, Usmevirus (Podoviridae family) and Subavirus (Siphoviridae family). Interestingly, no specific phages could be isolated from infected plant samples, whereas one was isolated from vector insects captured in a contaminated area, and several from surface and sewage waters from the Marseille area.

Use of a vehicle-modelling tool for predicting CO2 emissions in the framework of European regulations for light goods vehicles

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (14) ◽  
pp. 3009-3021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Fontaras ◽  
Hariton Kouridis ◽  
Zissis Samaras ◽  
Daniel Elst ◽  
Raymond Gense
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
European Regulations

scholarly journals Efficacy of the new β-D-glucan measurement kit for diagnosing invasive fungal infections, as compared with that of four conventional kits

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255172
Author(s):  
Yuuki Bamba ◽  
Kei Nagano ◽  
Hiroshi Moro ◽  
Hideyuki Ogata ◽  
Mariko Hakamata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Method ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Positive Results

Background Each of the currently available (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) measurement kits follows a different measurement method and cut-off value. Comparisons of diagnostic performance for invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are desirable. Additionally, ecological considerations are becoming increasingly important in the development of new measurement kits. Methods The plasma BDG levels in clinical samples were measured using the following currently available kits: the Fungitec G test MKII, the Fungitec G test ES, Fungitell, the β-Glucan test Wako, and the newly developed Wako kit (Wako-Eu). Wako-Eu uses a pre-treatment solution that conforms to European regulations for the registration, evaluation, authorisation, and restriction of chemicals. The values obtained for the samples using each kit were studied and compared. Results Of the 165 patients evaluated, 12 had IFIs, including pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis, and candidiasis. BDG values obtained using the kits were moderately correlated with each other. Clinical diagnoses of the evaluated cases indicated that 21 false positives were diagnosed by at least one kit. The sensitivity of the Fungitell kit was relatively low, but those of the other four were over 90%. The specificity was above 90% for all kits. For positive predictive value, the Wako and the Wako-Eu methods were superior to the others owing to fewer false positive results. Conclusions The newly developed Wako-Eu method, which considers ecological concerns, shows diagnostic performance equivalent to that of its predecessor. To improve the diagnostic accuracy of IFIs, it is necessary to interpret the results carefully, giving due consideration to the characteristics of each measurement kit.

scholarly journals Workers with Cardiac AIMD Exposed to EMF: Methods and Case Studies for Risk Analysis in the Framework of the European Regulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9709
Author(s):  
Eugenio Mattei ◽  
Federica Censi ◽  
Giovanni Calcagnini ◽  
Rosaria Falsaperla
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Implantable Defibrillator ◽  
Safety Regulation ◽  
Implantable Medical Devices ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Eu

Workers with cardiac active implantable medical devices (AIMD), such as a pacemaker (PM) or an implantable defibrillator (ICD), are considered by the occupational health and safety regulation framework as a particularly sensitive risk group that must be protected against the dangers caused by the interference of electromagnetic field (EMF). In this paper, we first describe the general methodology that shall be followed for the risk assessment of employees with a cardiac AIMD exposed to EMF, according to the EU regulation, and in particular to the EN 50527-2-1:2016 and 50527-2-2:2018 standards. Then, three case studies related to specific EMF sources are presented, to better describe how the initial analysis of the risk assessment can be performed in practice, and to understand if a further specific risk assessment analysis is required or not.

scholarly journals Trade Unions’ Rights, Work Councils’ Functions and the Legal Framework for Governing European Corporations: a Spanish Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Landa
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Collective Agreements ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Double Channel

This paper provides analytical research about changing legislation on the functions of work councils and trade unions in participating in the decision making process at firm level in European countries with systems of double channel based models of representation (like Spain, France or Germany). The paper tests European regulations on the involvement of workers in management decisions, in connection with national rulings passed in some European countries, especially during the financial crisis. The paper will aim at responding the following key questions: What kind of complementarity is to be statutorily built between the functions of work councils and collective agreements in order to guarantee workers’ participation in the governance of corporations? Is codetermination a more effective system than collective bargaining to build on new forms of corporate governance in a transnational context? El presente artículo ofrece una investigación analítica de la cambiante legislación sobre las funciones de los comités de empresa y de los sindicatos para participar en los procesos de toma de decisiones en el seno de la empresa, en países europeos con sistemas basados en la doble representación, como España, Francia y Alemania. El artículo pone a prueba la capacidad de las regulaciones para implicar a los trabajadores en decisiones administrativas, en relación con legislaciones nacionales aprobadas en algunos países, especialmente durante la crisis financiera. El artículo se propone responder a las siguientes preguntas claves: ¿Qué tipo de complementariedad estatutaria debería construirse entre las funciones de los comités de empresa y los acuerdos colectivos para garantizar la participación de los trabajadores en el gobierno de las empresas? ¿Es acaso la codeterminación un sistema más efectivo que la negociación colectiva para construir nuevas formas de gobernanza corporativa en un contexto trasnacional?

Impact of river weirs on bedload dynamics in low to medium energy rivers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Tamisier ◽  
Frédéric Gob ◽  
Emmanuèle Gautier ◽  
Geoffrey Houbrechts ◽  
Thomas Dépret
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Bed Load ◽  
Medium Energy ◽  
Pit Tags ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Return Interval ◽  
Ecological Continuity ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

<p>Assessing the impact of weirs in low- to medium-energy rivers, especially their influence on the bedload continuity, is an important issue for the understanding and management of river hydrosystems. The implementation of European regulations has for example led to an increasing number of restoration projects involving the total or partial dismantling of weirs. The effect of weirs on sedimentary continuity is beginning to be studied but remains poorly understood. In this study we present the results of monitoring over three hydrological seasons of 900 particles equipped with PIT tags set up around two weirs on the Rognon river (France) and the Amblève river (Belgium). For the two sites studied, and while floods were relatively frequent (max 5 return-interval years for the Rognon River and 2 return-interval years for the Amblève River), nearly 80% of the tagged particles positioned just upstream of the weirs were exported downstream of them during the study period. However, the tagged particles in the control reaches, non-influenced by weirs, travelled distances 2 to 2.5 times greater than the particles injected in the impoundment. Mobilisation rates are also significantly higher in the control reaches. Whereas the size of the mobilised particles (D50, D90) is similar between the impoundment and the control reaches in the Amblève river, mobilised particles are significantly smaller in the impoundment reach in the Rognon river. This data indicates that these weirs can have a significant effect by slowing down the bed load velocity, especially its coarsest part. Nevertheless, in the current weir operating, weirs do not interrupt the bedload continuity. This type of structure does not seem to constitute a real obstacle to sedimentary continuity and the question of their dismantling may be raised in view of the potential impacts they could have on the other components of ecological continuity.</p>

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