scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Immune System

2020 ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
J PACES ◽  
Z STRIZOVA ◽  
D SMRZ ◽  
J CERNY
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Virus Clearance

A close interaction between the virus SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system of an individual results in a diverse clinical manifestation of the COVID-19 disease. While adaptive immune responses are essential for SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance, the innate immune cells, such as macrophages, may contribute, in some cases, to the disease progression. Macrophages have shown a significant production of IL-6, suggesting they may contribute to the excessive inflammation in COVID-19 disease. Macrophage Activation Syndrome may further explain the high serum levels of CRP, which are normally lacking in viral infections. In adaptive immune responses, it has been revealed that cytotoxic CD8+ T cells exhibit functional exhaustion patterns, such as the expression of NKG2A, PD-1, and TIM-3. Since SARS-CoV-2 restrains antigen presentation by downregulating MHC class I and II molecules and, therefore, inhibits the T cell-mediated immune responses, humoral immune responses also play a substantial role. Specific IgA response appears to be stronger and more persistent than the IgM response. Moreover, IgM and IgG antibodies show similar dynamics in COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals Suppression of adaptive immune responses during primary SIV infection of sabaeus African green monkeys delays partial containment of viremia but does not induce disease

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (15) ◽  
pp. 3070-3078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland C. Zahn ◽  
Melisa D. Rett ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Haili Tang ◽  
Birgit Korioth-Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Siv Infection ◽  
Green Monkeys

AbstractOne of the most puzzling observations in HIV research is the lack of pathogenicity in most nonhuman primate species that are natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Despite this, natural hosts experience a level of viremia similar to humans infected with HIV or macaques infected with SIV. To determine the role of adaptive immune responses in viral containment and lack of disease, we delayed the generation of cellular and humoral immune responses by administering anti-CD8– and anti-CD20 lymphocyte–depleting antibodies to sabaeus African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) before challenge with SIVsab9315BR. In vivo lymphocyte depletion during primary infection resulted in a brief elevation of viremia but not in disease. Based on the magnitude and timing of SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the lymphocyte-depleted animals, CD8+ T-cell responses appear to contribute to viral containment in natural hosts. We found no evidence for a contribution of humoral immune responses in viral containment. These studies indicate that natural hosts have developed mechanisms in addition to classic adaptive immune responses to cope with this lentiviral infection. Thus, adaptive immune responses in natural hosts appear to be less critical for viral containment than in HIV infection.

scholarly journals Innate immunity and the pneumococcus

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin K. Paterson ◽  
Tim J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Made In

The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defence against microbes and is crucial both in the development and effector stages of subsequent adaptive immune responses. Consistent with its importance, study of the innate immune system is a broad and fast-moving field. Here we provide an overview of the recent key advances made in this area with relation to the important pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus).

scholarly journals Optimizing Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Tackling the Complexity of Different Arms of the Immune System

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Van Brussel ◽  
Zwi N. Berneman ◽  
Nathalie Cools
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
And Function

Earlier investigations have revealed a surprising complexity and variety in the range of interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Our understanding of the specialized roles of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in innate and adaptive immune responses has been significantly advanced over the years. Because of their immunoregulatory capacities and because very small numbers of activated DC are highly efficient at generating immune responses against antigens, DCs have been vigorously used in clinical trials in order to elicit or amplify immune responses against cancer and chronic infectious diseases. A better insight in DC immunobiology and function has stimulated many new ideas regarding the potential ways forward to improve DC therapy in a more fundamental way. Here, we discuss the continuous search for optimal in vitro conditions in order to generate clinical-grade DC with a potent immunogenic potential. For this, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adequate immune responses and focus on most favourable DC culture regimens and activation stimuli in humans. We envisage that by combining each of the features outlined in the current paper into a unified strategy, DC-based vaccines may advance to a higher level of effectiveness.

Siglecs as positive and negative regulators of the immune system

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Crocker ◽  
Pierre Redelinghuys
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Negative Regulators ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Sialic Acid Binding ◽  
Pattern Recognition Molecule ◽  
Recognition Molecule

Siglecs (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins) are mainly expressed in the immune system. Sn (sialoadhesin) (siglec-1), CD22 (siglec-2) and siglec-15 are well conserved, whereas the CD33-related siglecs are undergoing rapid evolution, as reflected in large differences in repertoires among the different mammals studied so far. In the present paper, we review recent findings on the signalling properties of the CD33-related siglecs and discuss the emergence of both inhibitory and activating forms of this family. We also discuss how Sn may function as a positive regulator of adaptive immune responses and its emerging role as an induced macrophage pattern-recognition molecule for sialylated pathogens, especially enveloped viruses.

scholarly journals Characterization of Human Antiviral Adaptive Immune Responses during Hepatotropic Virus Infection in HLA-Transgenic Human Immune System Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 1753-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Billerbeck ◽  
Joshua A. Horwitz ◽  
Rachael N. Labitt ◽  
Bridget M. Donovan ◽  
Kevin Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Human Immune

scholarly journals Interferon-Mediated Immunopathological Events Are Associated with Atypical Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
pp. 8692-8706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Cameron ◽  
Longsi Ran ◽  
Luoling Xu ◽  
Ali Danesh ◽  
Jesus F. Bermejo-Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Type I ◽  
Immunoglobulin Gene ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Adaptive Immune

ABSTRACT It is not understood how immune inflammation influences the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). One area of strong controversy is the role of interferon (IFN) responses in the natural history of SARS. The fact that the majority of SARS patients recover after relatively moderate illness suggests that the prevailing notion of deficient type I IFN-mediated immunity, with hypercytokinemia driving a poor clinical course, is oversimplified. We used proteomic and genomic technology to systematically analyze host innate and adaptive immune responses of 40 clinically well-described patients with SARS during discrete phases of illness from the onset of symptoms to discharge or a fatal outcome. A novel signature of high IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IFN-stimulated chemokine levels, plus robust antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, accompanied early SARS sequelae. As acute illness progressed, SARS patients entered a crisis phase linked to oxygen saturation profiles. The majority of SARS patients resolved IFN responses at crisis and expressed adaptive immune genes. In contrast, patients with poor outcomes showed deviated ISG and immunoglobulin gene expression levels, persistent chemokine levels, and deficient anti-SARS spike antibody production. We contend that unregulated IFN responses during acute-phase SARS may culminate in a malfunction of the switch from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. The potential for the use of the gene signatures we describe in this study to better assess the immunopathology and clinical management of severe viral infections, such as SARS and avian influenza (H5N1), is therefore worth careful examination.

scholarly journals Lymphopenia Caused by Virus Infections and the Mechanisms Beyond

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1876
Author(s):  
Zijing Guo ◽  
Zhidong Zhang ◽  
Meera Prajapati ◽  
Yanmin Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Targeting ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Viral infections can give rise to a systemic decrease in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood, referred to as lymphopenia. Lymphopenia may affect the host adaptive immune responses and impact the clinical course of acute viral infections. Detailed knowledge on how viruses induce lymphopenia would provide valuable information into the pathogenesis of viral infections and potential therapeutic targeting. In this review, the current progress of viruses-induced lymphopenia is summarized and the potential mechanisms and factors involved are discussed.

scholarly journals MiR-146a in Immunity and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rusca ◽  
Silvia Monticelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Different Types ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules able to influence all aspects of the biology of a cell. They have been associated with diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases, and in recent years, they also emerged as important regulators of immune responses. MiR-146a in particular is rapidly gaining importance as a modulator of differentiation and function of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immunity. Given its importance in regulating key cellular functions, it is not surprising that miR-146a expression was also found dysregulated in different types of tumors. In this paper, we summarize recent progress in understanding the role of miR-146a in innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in disease.

scholarly journals Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hossein Ansariniya ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Seifati ◽  
Erfan Zaker ◽  
Fateme Zare
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Vaccines

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.

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