scholarly journals Oculometric Behavior Assessed by Pupil Response is Altered in Adolescent Depression

2019 ◽  
pp. S325-S338
Author(s):  
N. SEKANINOVA ◽  
I. ONDREJKA ◽  
L. BONA OLEXOVA ◽  
Z. VISNOVCOVA ◽  
M. MESTANIK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Pupil Response ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Depressive Group

Oculometric behaviour assessed by pupil response provides important information about central autonomic activity and emotional regulation. However, studies regarding pupil response to emotional stimuli in adolescent depression are rare. We aimed to study emotional-linked pupil response in adolescent depression. Twenty depressive adolescents (average age: 15.4±1.2 years) and 20 age/gender-matched healthy subjects were examined. Average pupil diameter assessed by eye-tracking and pupillary light reflex were evaluated during protocol – baseline, free-view task, recovery phase. Regarding right eye, significantly greater initial pupil diameter and pupil dilation to positive pictures free-viewing (p=0.013, p=0.031, respectively), significantly slower average and maximum constriction velocity in baseline and positive pictures free-viewing (p=0.036, p=0.050, p=0.021, p=0.015, respectively), significantly slower maximum constriction velocity in recovery phase (p=0.045), and significantly faster average dilation velocity in negative pictures free-viewing (p=0.042) were observed in depressive group. Regarding left eye, significantly lower constriction percentual change in negative pictures free-viewing (p=0.044) and significantly greater baseline pupil diameter and pupil diameter at the peak of constriction in positive vs. negative pictures free-viewing (p=0.002, p=0.015, respectively) were observed in depressive group. Our study revealed discrete central autonomic dysregulation – parasympathetic hypoactivity associated with relative sympathetic dominance influenced by impairments in emotional processing already in adolescent depression.

scholarly journals Changes in Emotional Regulation May Underlie Emotional Changes in Early Parkinson’s Disease Progression: A Multimodal Study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Eriksson ◽  
Panagiota Tsitsi ◽  
Mikkel C. Vinding ◽  
Martin Ingvar ◽  
Per Svenningsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Early Parkinson’S Disease

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which can substantially affect nonmotor functions related to emotional processing. However, previous studies investigating the effects of PD on emotional processing have produced conflicting results. In the current study, we aimed to examine the underlying differences in emotional processing in PD by comparing how early-stage PD patients rate and react to emotional stimuli in three modalities on an Emotion Survey. Data analysis focused on identifying differences in emotion recognition, bias, and emotional range together with clinical outcome measures. Our results showed that PD patients were more accurate than healthy controls at identifying correct emotions. Furthermore, when clinical scores were correlated with ratings of emotional stimuli, PD patients alone showed a general increase in ratings and reactions to both positive and negative stimuli, thereby yielding significant correlations between clinical outcomes and emotional range in the PD patient group. Our results suggest that alterations in emotional regulation may underlie changes in emotional processing in early PD.

scholarly journals Pupillary Light Reflex is Altered in Adolescent Depression

2017 ◽  
pp. S277-S284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MESTANIKOVA ◽  
I. ONDREJKA ◽  
M. MESTANIK ◽  
D. CESNEKOVA ◽  
Z. VISNOVCOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Adolescent Patients ◽  
Depressive Group

Major depressive disorder is associated with abnormal autonomic regulation which could be noninvasively studied using pupillometry. However, the studies in adolescent patients are rare. Therefore, we aimed to study the pupillary light reflex (PLR), which could provide novel important information about dynamic balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in adolescent patients suffering from major depression. We have examined 25 depressive adolescent girls (age 15.2±0.3 year) prior to pharmacotherapy and 25 age/gender-matched healthy subjects. PLR parameters were measured separately for both eyes after 5 min of rest using Pupillometer PLR-2000 (NeurOptics, USA). The constriction percentual change for the left eye was significantly lower in depressive group compared to control group (-24.12±0.87 % vs. –28.04±0.96%, p˂0.01). Furthermore, average constriction velocity and maximum constriction velocity for the left eye were significantly lower in depressive group compared to control group (p˂0.05, p˂0.01, respectively). In contrast, no significant between-groups differences were found for the right eye. Concluding, this study revealed altered PLR for left eye indicating a deficient parasympathetic activity already in adolescent major depression. Additionally, the differences between left and right eye could be related to functional lateralization of autonomic control in the central nervous system.

Emotional processing in patients with mild cognitive impairment: The influence of the valence and intensity of emotional stimuli

2015 ◽  
Vol 357 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 222-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen M. Sarabia-Cobo ◽  
Beatriz García-Rodríguez ◽  
Mª. José Navas ◽  
Heiner Ellgring
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional Stimuli

Empirical evidence for a three-level model of emotional contagion, empathy and emotional regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Johanna Schwarz ◽  
Göran Kecklund ◽  
Predrag Petrovic ◽  
Håkan Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Emotional Responsiveness ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Empathy For Pain ◽  
Level Model

Background: Emotional contagion, empathy, and emotional regulation are hypothesized to be hierarchically organized functions. Aims: This study aimed to investigate associations between responses in tasks investigating these three functions using both neural representations and ratings. Methods: 86 healthy individuals performed tasks investigating emotional contagion, empathy for pain, and emotional regulation through cognitive reappraisal during functional magnetic resonance imaging.Results: Emotional contagion correlated positively to empathic responding in participants’ ratings. By contrast, rated emotional regulation success correlated negatively to both these measures. Models including brain imaging measures of emotion showed poor fit. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with a hierarchical model of emotional processing in terms of rated emotional contagion and empathy, and suggest that lower emotional regulation capacity is associated with an increased emotional responsiveness at lower (emotional contagion) and higher (empathy) processing levels.

The dysfunction of affective picture processing in pituitary patients: an ERPs study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglong Cao ◽  
Jian Song ◽  
Binbin Liu ◽  
Jianren Yue ◽  
Yuzhao Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Cognitive impairments have been reported in patients with pituitary adenoma; however, there is a lack of knowledge of investigating the emotional stimuli processing in pituitary patients. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether there is emotional processing dysfunction in pituitary patients by recording and analyzing the late positive potential (LPP) elicited by affective stimuli.Methods: Evaluation of emotional stimuli processing by LPP Event related potentials (ERPs) was carried out through central- parietal electrode sites (C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4) on the head of the patients and healthy controls (HCs).Results: In the negative stimuli, the amplitude of LPP was 2.435 ± 0.419μV for HCs and 0.656 ± 0.427μV for patient group respectively ( p = 0.005). In the positive stimuli, the elicited electric potential 1.450 ± 0.316μV for HCs and 0.495 ± 0.322μV for patient group respectively ( p = 0.040). Moreover, the most obvious difference of LPP amplitude between the two groups existed in the right parietal region. On the right hemisphere (at the P4 site), the elicited electric potential was 1.993 ± 0.299μV for HCs and 0.269 ± 0.305μV for patient group respectively( p = 0.001).Conclusion: There are functional dysfunction of emotional stimuli processing in pituitary adenoma patients. Our research provides the electrophysiological evidence for the presence of cognitive dysfunction which need to be intervened in the pituitary adenoma patients.

Duration Estimation of Angry and Neutral Faces: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Correlates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 254-278
Author(s):  
Lisa V. Eberhardt ◽  
Ferdinand Pittino ◽  
Anna Scheins ◽  
Anke Huckauf ◽  
Markus Kiefer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Offset ◽  
Duration Estimation

Abstract Emotional stimuli like emotional faces have been frequently shown to be temporally overestimated compared to neutral ones. This effect has been commonly explained by induced arousal caused by emotional processing leading to the acceleration of an inner-clock-like pacemaker. However, there are some studies reporting contradictory effects and others point to relevant moderating variables. Given this controversy, we aimed at investigating the processes underlying the temporal overestimation of emotional faces by combining behavioral and electrophysiological correlates in a temporal bisection task. We assessed duration estimation of angry and neutral faces using anchor durations of 400 ms and 1600 ms while recording event-related potentials. Subjective ratings and the early posterior negativity confirmed encoding and processing of stimuli’s emotionality. However, temporal ratings did not differ between angry and neutral faces. In line with this behavioral result, the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), an electrophysiological index of temporal accumulation, was not modulated by the faces’ emotionality. Duration estimates, i.e., short or long responses toward stimuli of ambiguous durations of 1000 ms, were nevertheless associated with a differential CNV amplitude. Interestingly, CNV modulation was already observed at 600–700 ms after stimulus onset, i.e., long before stimulus offset. The results are discussed in light of the information-processing model of time perception as well as regarding possible factors of the experimental setup moderating temporal overestimation of emotional stimuli. In sum, combining behavioral and electrophysiological measures seems promising to more clearly understand the complex processes leading to the illusion of temporal lengthening of emotional faces.

scholarly journals Bidirectional modulation of human emotional conflict resolution using intracranial stimulation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelique C. Paulk ◽  
Ali Yousefi ◽  
Kristen K. Ellard ◽  
Kara Farnes ◽  
Noam Peled ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
State Space ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
External Input ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Intracranial Stimulation ◽  
Space Modeling ◽  
Hidden States

AbstractThe ability to regulate emotions in the service of meeting ongoing goals and task demands is a key aspect of adaptive human behavior in our volatile social world. Consequently, difficulties in processing and responding to emotional stimuli underlie many psychiatric diseases ranging from depression to anxiety, the common thread being effects on behavior. Behavior, which is made up of shifting, difficult to measure hidden states such as attention and emotion reactivity, is a product of integrating external input and latent mental processes. Directly measuring, and differentiating, separable hidden cognitive, emotional, and attentional states contributing to emotion conflict resolution, however, is challenging, particularly when only using task-relevant behavioral measures such as reaction time. State-space representations are a powerful method for investigating hidden states underlying complex systems. Using state-space modeling of behavior, we identified relevant hidden cognitive states and predicted behavior in a standardized emotion regulation task. After identifying and validating models which best fit the behavior and narrowing our focus to one model, we used targeted intracranial stimulation of the emotion regulation-relevant neurocircuitry, including prefrontal structures and the amygdala, to causally modulate separable states. Finally, we focused on this one validated state-space model to perform real-time, bidirectional closed-loop adaptive stimulation in a subset of participants. These approaches enable an improved understanding of how to sample and understand emotional processing in a way which could be leveraged in neuromodulatory therapy for disorders of emotional regulation.

scholarly journals Sleep restriction caused impaired emotional regulation without detectable brain activation changes—a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Tamm ◽  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Johanna Schwarz ◽  
Armita Golkar ◽  
Göran Kecklund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Increased Activity

Sleep restriction has been proposed to cause impaired emotional processing and emotional regulation by inhibiting top-down control from prefrontal cortex to amygdala. Intentional emotional regulation after sleep restriction has, however, never been studied using brain imaging. We aimed here to investigate the effect of partial sleep restriction on emotional regulation through cognitive reappraisal. Forty-seven young (age 20–30) and 33 older (age 65–75) participants (38/23 with complete data and successful sleep intervention) performed a cognitive reappraisal task during fMRI after a night of normal sleep and after restricted sleep (3 h). Emotional downregulation was associated with significantly increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( p FWE < 0.05) and lateral orbital cortex ( p FWE < 0.05) in young, but not in older subjects. Sleep restriction was associated with a decrease in self-reported regulation success to negative stimuli ( p < 0.01) and a trend towards perceiving all stimuli as less negative ( p = 0.07) in young participants. No effects of sleep restriction on brain activity nor connectivity were found in either age group. In conclusion, our data do not support the idea of a prefrontal-amygdala disconnect after sleep restriction, and neural mechanisms underlying behavioural effects on emotional regulation after insufficient sleep require further investigation.

scholarly journals Using Pupillometry to Assess the Atypical Pupillary Light Reflex and LC-NE System in ASD

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
Future Work

With recent advances in technology, there has been growing interest in use of eye-tracking and pupillometry to assess the visual pathway in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Within emerging literature, an atypical pupillary light reflex (PLR) has been documented, holding potential for use as a clinical screening biomarker for ASD. This review outlines dominant theories of neuropathology associated with ASD and integrates underlying neuroscience associated with the atypical PLR through a reciprocal model of brainstem involvement and cortical underconnectivity. This review draws from animal models of ASD demonstrating disruption of cranial motor nuclei and brain imaging studies examining arousal and the influence of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system on the pupillary response. Pupillometry methods are explained in relation to existing data examining the PLR in ASD and pupillary parameters of constriction latency and tonic pupil diameter as key parameters for investigation. This focused review provides preliminary data toward future work developing pupillometry metrics and offers direction for studies aimed at rigorous study replication using pupillometry with the ASD population. Experimental conditions and testing protocol for capturing pupil parameters with this clinical population are discussed to promote clinical research and translational application.

Psychopathic Traits, Inhibition, and Positive and Negative Emotion: Results from an Emotional Go/No-Go Task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Frances Fournier ◽  
Julia Blayne McDonald ◽  
Peter E Clayson ◽  
Edelyn Verona
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Related Potentials

Inhibitory control, the ability to stop or prevent an action, is of relevance to disorders marked by increased disinhibition and impulsivity, including some facets of psychopathy. Because aspects of cognitive control (including inhibitory control) and emotion are theorized to compete for processing resources, emotional conditions may exacerbate aggressive, impulsive, and potentially harmful behaviors. The present study examined relationships between specific facets of psychopathy and inhibitory control in the context of positive, negative, and neutral emotional stimuli in a community sample using event-related potentials during an emotional-linguistic Go/No-Go task. Results indicated distinct cognition-emotion interactions for each facet of psychopathy. High scorers on the interpersonal facet exhibited decreased inhibitory processing in the presence of emotional stimuli, and decreased emotional processing in the presence of inhibitory demands, suggesting reciprocal interference between cognition and emotion. Higher scores on the callous affect facet were associated with lower emotion and inhibition processing, except when stimuli were most engaging (emotional No-Go trials). Higher lifestyle facet scores related to reciprocal facilitation between inhibition and emotion processing. Finally, higher scores on the antisocial facet were associated with poorer behavioral inhibition overall. Results provide novel evidence for interactions between affective processing and cognitive control among individuals high on distinct psychopathic traits.

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