scholarly journals Impact of perinatal hypoxia on the developing brain

2020 ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Piešová ◽  
M. Mach
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Perinatal Hypoxia ◽  
Sensorimotor Development ◽  
Newborn Child ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact

Perinatal hypoxia is still one of the greatest threats to the newborn child, even in developed countries. However, there is a lack of works which summarize up-to-date information about that huge topic. Our review covers a broader spectrum of recent results from studies on mechanisms leading to hypoxia-induced injury. It also resumes possible primary causes and observed behavioral outcomes of perinatal hypoxia. In this review, we recognize two types of hypoxia, according to the localization of its primary cause: environmental and placental. Later we analyze possible pathways of prenatal hypoxia-induced injury including gene expression changes, glutaminergic excitatory damage (and a role of NMDA receptors in it), oxidative stress with ROS and RNS production, inflammation and apoptosis. Moreover, we focus on the impact of these pathophysiological changes on the structure and development of the brain, especially on its regions: corpus striatum and hippocampus. These brain changes of the offspring lead to impairments in their postnatal growth and sensorimotor development, and in their motor functions, activity, emotionality and learning ability in adulthood. Later we compare various animal models used to investigate the impact of prenatal and postnatal injury (hypoxic, ischemic or combinatory) on living organisms, and show their advantages and limitations.

CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF ACHIEVING INTELLECTUAL LEADERSHIP

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Tsymbal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
High Tech ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intellectual Leadership

The article identifies the key conceptual foundations for the formation of intellectual leadership of economic entities, including countries as specific actors in the global economy. Thorough preconditions for increasing the level of economic development and the impact of education have been identified. It is determined that historical concepts and modern realities of economic activity only actualize the role of education and enlightenment in the economic development of the national economy and ensuring its competitiveness. The strategies of increasing the competitiveness of individual countries of the world are analyzed, their key priorities in the conditions of formation of the knowledge economy are determined. The evolution of views on the role of human and intellectual capital in increasing the welfare of countries, the impact on GDP and other macroeconomic indicators is described. The ratings of countries are analyzed, in particular by the level of investment in intellectual capital and the structure of their GDP, which confirms the dominance of science-intensive economic activities. In addition, it was determined that the leading countries are characterized by increasing the role of knowledge-intensive activities, increasing the share of intangible assets, redistribution of capital of leading international companies and increasing research spending, increasing investment in human and intellectual capital, increasing exports of high-tech products. Analytical assessment confirms the advanced development of science-intensive industries in countries with developed economies, which creates the need for training and retraining of specialists needed for such industries. In modern conditions, the educational process ceases to be predominantly the prerogative of young people, and becomes a lifelong process, which increases spending on education in developed countries, but without denying the significant asymmetries on this indicator. Research confirms the direct relationship between the quality of human and physical capital and economic development, which is typical of highly developed countries, one of the main reasons for the development lag of the poorest countries. In addition, the article substantiates the key factors of intellectual leadership and their impact on the development of economic development strategies.

scholarly journals The Origin and Evolution of Language and the Propagation of Organization

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
New Media ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Origin Of Language ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact

In this presentation we will study propagating organization. We begin by examining the evolution and origin of language by briefly reviewing the impact of the phonetic alphabet (Logan 2004a), the evolution of notated language (Logan 2004b), the origin of language and culture (Logan 2006, 2007), the role of collaboration in knowledge management (Logan and Stokes 2004), the impact of “new media” (Logan in preparation). We will then connect this work to the propagating organization of all living organisms (Kauffman et al. in press) where we will show that information in biotic systems are the constraints that instruct living organisms how to operate. We will demonstrate that instructional or biotic information is quite different than the classical notion of information Shannon developed for addressing engineering problems in telecommunications. We also will show that biosemiosis is in some sense equivalent to propagating organization (Kauffman et al. in press). We then conclude our presentation with the speculation that there exist at least seven levels of biosemiosis.

scholarly journals Foreign Shareholdings Impact on Banks Efficiency and Moderating Role of Corporate Governance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S9) ◽  
pp. 414-425
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

The research investigate the impact of foreign shareholding originated from developed and developing countries on the efficiency of acquired local banks in Indonesia during 2007-2017 by including Corporate Governance as a moderating variable. Methodology: Using the secondary aggregate data of 29 commercial banks acquired by foreign shareholders, a panel regression model using econometrics methods of GLS, and DEA were applied to examine the effects of percentage of foreign shareholdings on efficiency of the acquired local banks. The main findings; First, percentage of foreign shareholdings positively affecting efficiency of acquired local banks only if the foreign shareholders is originated from developed countries. Second, the level of economic advancement of the country of origin of foreign shareholders has significant effects on the efficiency of the acquired local banks. Third, the increase in the size of the Board of Directors tends to decrease the efficiency of the acquired local banks and fourth, the presence of Foreign Director has a positive moderating effect on strengthening the effect of percentage of foreign shareholdings on the efficiency of the acquired local banks. Overall, the originality of this studies is that the percentage of foreign shareholdings and its country of origin are two combined factors that cannot be separated in affecting the level of efficiency of its acquired local bank and the fact of significant positive moderating effect of Foreign Director. As policy consideration, monetary authority need to perform strict due diligence on prospective foreign shareholders specifically originated from developing countries, advise banks to maintain the existence of Foreign Director and to encourage small local banks to be merged prior to the acquisition by foreign shareholders.

scholarly journals A Review of Finance–Growth Nexus Theories: How Does Development Finance Fits in?

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyankomo Marwa ◽  
Stephen Zhanje
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Conventional Model ◽  
Development Finance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Finance Growth Nexus

Abstract The finance growth-nexus debates have been contentious over the past three decades both empirically and theoretically. To contribute to this debate, the current paper presents a concise review of finance-growths nexus theoretical development and the current debate around growth-finance nexus theories. Then, it extends the current theoretical debate to include development finance within the broader scheme of finance-growth discourse. The key emerging trend is that, most of the contemporary theories trying to explain finance growth nexus have been exclusively focusing on the standard finance in general. Little attention has been devoted to understand the role of development finance on finance-growth nexus. It concludes that, for a more comprehensive understanding of the finance growth nexus, the role of development finance should be integrated in theory of finance-growth nexus. The paper demonstrates that conventional model of finance-growth nexus is more likely to underestimate the magnitude of the impact of finance on economic growth especially for less developed countries. The paper suggests that, a model which breakdown the finance into standard finance subgroup and development finance subgroup may provide more accurate and insightful findings.

scholarly journals The Role of Counter-Ions in Peptides—An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Karol Sikora ◽  
Maciej Jaśkiewicz ◽  
Damian Neubauer ◽  
Dorian Migoń ◽  
Wojciech Kamysz
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Mobile Phase Additives ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact

Peptides and proteins constitute a large group of molecules that play multiple functions in living organisms. In conjunction with their important role in biological processes and advances in chemical approaches of synthesis, the interest in peptide-based drugs is still growing. As the side chains of amino acids can be basic, acidic, or neutral, the peptide drugs often occur in the form of salts with different counter-ions. This review focuses on the role of counter-ions in peptides. To date, over 60 peptide-based drugs have been approved by the FDA. Based on their area of application, biological activity, and results of preliminary tests they are characterized by different counter-ions. Moreover, the impact of counter-ions on structure, physicochemical properties, and drug formulation is analyzed. Additionally, the application of salts as mobile phase additives in chromatographic analyses and analytical techniques is highlighted.

scholarly journals The Impact of Investment in Human Capital on the Exports of Goods and Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-192
Author(s):  
Samina Siddique ◽  
Zafar Mahmood ◽  
Shabana Noureen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Impact

With the growth of services economy worldwide, it has become essential for policymakers to comprehend the export competitiveness of nations to identify offshore export locations or alternatively offer their own sites as an exporting location. Human capital investment is considered as a key component in attracting foreign countries for outsourcing purposes. Earlier studies have shown mixed role of human capital investment on off shoring activities. This study assesses the effects of control variables (business environment, wages and IT infrastructure) and human capital investment on export of goods and services from the selected Asian outsourcing countries. Panel Estimated Generalized Least Square (EGLS) technique is used with country weights to specifically overcome the problem of autocorrelation. Empirical findings show that investment in human capital is significant for both goods and services exports. We found a large impact of human capital investment on exports of goods and services in selected Asian countries as compared to selected developed countries. Empirical findings further suggest that human capital is more essential for export of goods than export of services. From these findings, the study draws important implications for policymaking in countries who intend to offer themselves as an attractive location for exporting and for those who intend to locate their production activities overseas.

scholarly journals Export Earnings, Capital Instability and Economic Growth in South Asia

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam Chaudhary ◽  
Amjad Naveed
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

During the last two decades the role of international trade and flow of foreign capital have received considerable attention in the literature. Various studies have examined the impact of export instability and capital instability on economic growth in less developed countries.1 Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis of a deleterious impact of export instability on economic growth. However, some studies also indicated that the relationship was unstable but positive with economic growth.2 Yet there are no systematic empirical investigations into the implied links between export diversification and long-term economic growth, particularly in the case of South Asian countries. The major concern regarding export instability is that it retards economic growth.

scholarly journals The impact of democracy on social entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Free People ◽  
Democratic Norms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ukrainian Society

This article presents a causative approach to the field of connection between social entrepreneurship and democracy. The background of social entrepreneurship appearance and improving of democratic norms in the developed countries are shown. The impact of democracy on social entrepreneurship is described by paying attention on the following issues: (1) Analyzes of different scientists views on the essence of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur. (2) The role of democracy development for forming creative society with free people and freethinking. (3) Situation in the Ukrainian society in the sphere of social entrepreneurship promoting and further strengthen of democratic norms. Introduction of the paper briefly displays the importance of social entrepreneurship increase for society enhancements and growing democratic initiatives. Part I discusses the democratic development and social entrepreneurs activities as main factors for future prosperity of the country. In Part II, the attention is concentrated on social entrepreneurship promoting in Ukraine and its impact for further society development as real example with its peculiarities due to the political and economic situation in the state.

scholarly journals The role of corporate governance on CSR disclosure and firm performance in a voluntary environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruoriwo Marian Chijoke-Mgbame ◽  
Chijoke Oscar Mgbame ◽  
Simisola Akintoye ◽  
Paschal Ohalehi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Csr Disclosure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) on firm performance and the moderating role of corporate governance on the CSRD–firm performance relationship of listed companies in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a panel data set comprising 841 firm-year observations for the period covering 2007-2016. Fixed effect regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between CSRD and firm performance, and the moderating role of corporate governance in the CSRD–firm performance relationship. Findings The results of the study show that there are positive performance implications for firms that engage in CSRD. Although this study finds no effect of board size on the CSRD–firm performance relationship, it provides a strong evidence of a positive effect of board independence on the CSR–firm performance relationship. Practical implications The study contributes to the understanding of CSRD–firm performance relationship by providing evidence of the moderating role of corporate governance. It is, therefore, recommended that a stronger regulation be put in place for CSR engagement and the disclosure of same in Nigeria as well as robust measures for the enforcement of corporate governance mechanisms because there are economic benefits to be derived. Originality/value The findings contribute to the literature by providing up-to-date and original insights on the CSRD–firm performance relationship within a developing country context. It also uses an uncommon method of measuring CSRD, taking into account the institutional biases that may arise from other methods used in studies on developed countries.

scholarly journals Later School Start Time: The Impact of Sleep on Academic Performance and Health in the Adolescent Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Alfonsi ◽  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Giacomo Stella ◽  
Luigi De Gennaro
Keyword(s):  
Learning Ability ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Impaired Sleep ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chronic Sleep

The crucial role of sleep in physical and mental health is well known, especially during the developmental period. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in examining the relationship between sleep patterns and school performance in adolescents. At this stage of life, several environmental and biological factors may affect both circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep. A large part of this population does not experience adequate sleep, leading to chronic sleep restriction and/or disrupted sleep–wake cycles. Studies investigating the effects of different sleep–wake schedules on academic achievement showed that impaired sleep quality and quantity are associated with decreased learning ability and compromised daytime functioning. This review focuses on the most recent studies that evaluated the effects of modified school start time on sleep patterns and related outcomes. Moreover, based on the available empirical evidence, we intend to propose a direction for future studies targeted to implement prevention or treatment programs by modifying sleep timing.

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