scholarly journals The effects of head cooling on endurance and neuroendocrine responses to exercise in warm conditions

2008 ◽  
pp. 863-872
Author(s):  
L Ansley ◽  
G Marvin ◽  
A Sharma ◽  
MJ Kendall ◽  
DA Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Head Cooling ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Volitional Fatigue ◽  
Prolactin Response ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
The Brain

The present study investigated the effects of head cooling during endurance cycling on performance and the serotonergic neuroendocrine response to exercise in the heat. Subjects exercised at 75 % VO2max to volitional fatigue on a cycle ergometer at an ambient temperature of 29±1.0 °C, with a relative humidity of approximately 50 %. Head cooling resulted in a 51 % (p<0.01) improvement in exercise time to fatigue and Borg Scale ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower throughout the exercise period with cooling (p<0.01). There were no indications of peripheral mechanisms of fatigue either with, or without, head cooling, indicating the importance of central mechanisms. Exercise in the heat caused the release of prolactin in response to the rise in rectal temperature. Head cooling largely abolished the prolactin response while having no effect on rectal temperature. Tympanic temperature and sinus skin temperature were reduced by head cooling and remained low throughout the exercise. It is suggested that there is a coordinated response to exercise involving thermoregulation, neuroendocrine secretion and behavioural adaptations that may originate in the hypothalamus or associated areas of the brain. Our results are consistent with the effects of head cooling being mediated by both direct cooling of the brain and modified cerebral artery blood flow, but an action of peripheral thermoreceptors cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Capacity in Pre- and Postprandial States

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie-J. M. Fares ◽  
Bengt Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Mouth Rinsing ◽  
The Brain

Background. Oropharyngeal receptors signal presence of carbohydrate to the brain. Mouth rinses with a carbohydrate solution facilitate corticomotor output and improve time-trial performance in well-trained subjects in a fasted state. We tested for this effect in nonathletic subjects in fasted and nonfasted state.Methods. 13 healthy non-athletic males performed 5 tests on a cycle ergometer. After measuring maximum power output (Wmax), the subjects cycled four times at 60% Wmax until exhaustion while rinsing their mouth every 5 minutes with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution or water, one time after an overnight fast and another after a carbohydrate rich breakfast.Results. Mouth rinsing with maltodextrin improved time-to-exhaustion in pre- and postprandial states. This was accompanied by reductions in the average and maximal rates of perceived exertion but no change in average or maximal heart rate was observed.Conclusions. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing improves endurance capacity in both fed and fasted states in non-athletic subjects.

Beneficial Effects of Ice Ingestion as a Precooling Strategy on 40-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ihsan ◽  
Grant Landers ◽  
Matthew Brearley ◽  
Peter Peeling
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Crushed Ice ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Purpose:The effect of crushed ice ingestion as a precooling method on 40-km cycling time trial (CTT) performance was investigated.Methods:Seven trained male subjects underwent a familiarization trial and two experimental CTT which were preceded by 30 min of either crushed ice ingestion (ICE) or tap water (CON) consumption amounting to 6.8 g⋅kg-1 body mass. The CTT required athletes to complete 1200 kJ of work on a wind-braked cycle ergometer. During the CTT, gastrointestinal (Tgi) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, cycling time, power output, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (RPTS) were measured at set intervals of work.Results:Precooling lowered the Tgi after ICE significantly more than CON (36.74 ± 0.67°C vs 37.27 ± 0.24°C, P < .05). This difference remained evident until 200 kJ of work was completed on the bike (37.43 ± 0.42°C vs 37.64 ± 0.21°C). No significant differences existed between conditions at any time point for Tsk, RPE or HR (P > .05). The CTT completion time was 6.5% faster in ICE when compared with CON (ICE: 5011 ± 810 s, CON: 5359 ± 820 s, P < .05).Conclusions:Crushed ice ingestion was effective in lowering Tgi and improving subsequent 40-km cycling time trial performance. The mechanisms for this enhanced exercise performance remain to be clarified.

Carbohydrate ingestion before exercise: comparison of glucose, fructose, and sweet placebo

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Koivisto ◽  
S. L. Karonen ◽  
E. A. Nikkila
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Rapid Fall ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Response To Exercise

To examine the effect of various carbohydrates on the metabolic and hormonal response to exercise, 75 g glucose, fructose, or placebo were given to nine well-trained males (VO2 max 60 +/- 1 ml . kg-1 . min-1) 45 min before cycle ergometer exercise performed at 75% VO2 max for 30 min. After glucose ingestion, the rise in plasma glucose was 3-fold (P less than 0.005) in plasma insulin 2.5-fold (P less than 0.01) greater than after fructose. During exercise, after glucose administration plasma glucose fell from 5.3 +/- 0.3 to 2.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (P less than 0.001) and after fructose from 4.5 +/- 0.1 to 3.9 +/- 0.3 mmol/l (P less than 0.05). The fall in plasma glucose was closely related to the preexercise levels of plasma insulin (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) and glucose (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001). Both glucose and fructose ingestion decreased the FFA levels by 40–50% (P less than 0.005) and during exercise they remained 30–40% lower after carbohydrate than placebo administration (P less than 0.02). This study suggests that glucose ingestion prior to exercise results in hypoglycemia during vigorous exercise, this rapid fall in plasma glucose is mediated, at least in part, by hyperinsulinemia, and fructose ingestion is associated with a modest rise in plasma insulin and does not result in hypoglycemia during exercise.

The Effects of Sensory Deprivation and Music on Perceived Exertion and Affect During Exercise

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Boutcher ◽  
Michele Trenske
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Control Deprivation

This study examined the effects of sensory deprivation and music on perceived exertion and affect. Volunteer women (N=24) performed three 18-min sessions on a cycle ergometer at light, moderate, and heavy workloads during which perceived exertion, affect, and heart rate were monitored. Each subject participated in a control, deprivation, and music condition. No significant differences where found in heart rate between conditions. In contrast, significantly lower perceived exertion existed during the music compared to the deprived condition at the low workload. Similarly, there was lower perceived exertion during the music compared to the control condition at the moderate workload. Also, significantly greater levels of affect were observed during the music compared to the deprived condition at the moderate and heavy workloads. It was concluded that the influence of music and deprivation on perceived exertion and affect was load dependent. These results are discussed with regard to informational processing models of sensory and psychological input.

scholarly journals Acute Physiological and Thermoregulatory Responses to Extended Interval Training in Endurance Runners: Influence of Athletic Performance and Age

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Víctor Manuel Soto-Hermoso ◽  
Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to describe the acute impact of extended interval training (EIT) on physiological and thermoregulatory levels, as well as to determine the influence of athletic performance and age effect on the aforementioned response in endurance runners. Thirty-one experienced recreational male endurance runners voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects performed EIT on an outdoor running track, which consisted of 12 runs of 400 m. The rate of perceived exertion, physiological response through the peak and recovery heart rate, blood lactate, and thermoregulatory response through tympanic temperature, were controlled. A repeated measures analysis revealed significant differences throughout EIT in examined variables. Cluster analysis grouped according to the average performance in 400 m runs led to distinguish between athletes with a higher and lower sports level. Cluster analysis was also performed according to age, obtaining an older group and a younger group. The one-way analysis of variance between groups revealed no significant differences (p≥0.05) in the response to EIT. The results provide a detailed description of physiological and thermoregulatory responses to EIT in experienced endurance runners. This allows a better understanding of the impact of a common training stimulus on the physiological level inducing greater accuracy in the training prescription. Moreover, despite the differences in athletic performance or age, the acute physiological and thermoregulatory responses in endurance runners were similar, as long as EIT was performed at similar relative intensity.

Strength or Endurance Training for Undergraduate Music Majors at a University?

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwen Ackermann ◽  
Roger Adams ◽  
Elfreda Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Motion Field ◽  
Music Majors ◽  
Exercise Period

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of an exercise regimen for undergraduate music majors at a university, and to determine whether a short-term, moderate-intensity program designed to assist in their preparation for the athletic task of playing an instrument for many hours a day could be incorporated into their timetables and show strength gains. In this study, 18 volunteer university undergraduate music majors were randomly allocated into either six weeks of strength training or six weeks of endurance training of proximal upper-limb and trunk muscles. All subjects were measured over a six-week control period prior to the exercise period. Tests using both physical and self-report data were repeated on three separate occasions to determine whether training produced any effects over this period, and which form of training was the more effective. Physical testing data were collected by an independent tester who was blinded to the study condition. These data included Cybex dynamometer testing in two planes of shoulder motion, field measurements, and timing an isometric 90-degree forward flexion arm hold. Questionnaires were used to gather data on the frequency and severity of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders and on the perceived exertion of playing. Results indicated that the program produced significant strength gains in both field measurements and dynamometer testing in both exercise groups. While all field measurements of the actual exercises performed increased significantly over the exercise period, the dynamometer results showed a significant effect of the exercise program on the horizontal plane only, suggesting this group of musicians took a task-specific view of the exercises and focused more on their application of horizontal exercises, seeing the relevance in relation to playing an instrument. Vertical isokinetic measurements remained unchanged. Perceived exertion of playing was significantly reduced, with endurance training significantly better than strength training for achieving this result.

Cardiovascular response to exercise

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 139-143
Author(s):  
Cemal Ozemek ◽  
Ross Arena ◽  
Dejana Popovic ◽  
Marco Guazzi ◽  
Amy McNeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Real World Application ◽  
Training History ◽  
Response To Exercise

The body’s response to an exertional stimulus, if performed adequately to meet the imposed demand, is an orchestrated response predominantly among the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and skeletal systems. These physiological systems work together to ensure that up-titrated energy and force production demands are met. The magnitude of the exertional stimulus these systems are able to respond to, when an individual is in a true state of physiological health, is influenced by multiple factors including age, sex, biomechanics, genomics, and exercise training history. When one or more of these systems suffers from dysfunction, as is the case when an individual is at risk for (i.e. unhealthy lifestyle history) or diagnosed with a chronic disease, the response to a physical stimulus ultimately fails and exertional capacity is limited. There is a clear and well-established clinical relevance to the cardiovascular response to an exertional stimulus, commonly assessed through a graded aerobic exercise test on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. In fact, aerobic capacity has been referred to a key vital sign. We are also gaining an appreciation of how communication and presentation of information between health professionals and individuals receiving care significantly impacts comprehension and adherence to a plan of care. This chapter addresses these areas, beginning with a brief granular description of exertional cardiovascular physiology, transitioning to practical clinical implications of this information for health professionals, and ending with how the individuals seeking healthcare receive, process, and comprehend this information with the ultimate goal being real-world application and improved health outcomes.

Selective brain cooling is affected by wearing headgear during exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1229-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Rasch ◽  
M. Cabanac
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Esophageal Temperature ◽  
Brain Cooling ◽  
Selective Brain Cooling ◽  
Exercise Load ◽  
Convective Heat Loss ◽  
The Face ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The purpose of this work is to relate the concept of selective brain cooling (SBC) during exercise to heat loss from the head while either bare or covered. During hyperthermia, SBC is considered to occur if tympanic temperature (Tty) is lower than esophageal temperature (Tes). In experiment I the head heat loss was measured with and without headgear. Each of four subjects took part in three sessions of exercise on a cycle ergometer. The face was cooled to simulate outdoor conditions. The first session (no headgear) served as control for the two following sessions in which a headband and a woolen cap were worn. Evaporative and radiative-convective heat loss were monitored from the head. Wearing a cap significantly reduced the heat loss from the head compared with the control condition. During the headband session the heat loss was not significantly lower than the control values. Tty, Tes, and head skin temperatures (T(sk)) were also recorded. Tty was significantly lower (-0.55 +/- 0.15 degrees C) than Tes at the end of exercise (150-W exercise load) when no headgear was worn. During headgear sessions, Tty was no longer significantly lower than Tes, either during the headband (-0.15 +/- 0.31 degrees C) or during the cap session (-0.30 +/- 0.13 degrees C). In experiment II the influence of wearing headgear on temperature regulation was studied. Hand skin blood flow, hand T(sk), and heat loss from the hand were recorded in addition to the variables monitored in experiment I. Wearing headgear elevated Tty and peripheral vasomotor responses, whereas Tes evolved in the opposite direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals The Effects of Transdermal Nicotine Patches on the Cardiorespiratory and Lactate Responses During Exercise from Light to Moderate Intensity: Implications for Exercise Prescription during Smoking Cessation

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Takashi Nakagata ◽  
Kosuke Fukao ◽  
Hiroyuki Kobayashi ◽  
Shizuo Katamoto ◽  
Hisashi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Nicotine Patches ◽  
Transdermal Nicotine ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Young Smokers

Background and objectives: Exercise can help ease withdrawal symptoms of smokers. However, there is little information about the physiological responses, such as cardiorespiratory and lactate (La) responses, during exercise from light to moderate intensity combined with transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) in smokers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TNPs on the cardiorespiratory and La responses during exercise at light to moderate intensity. Materials and Methods: Fourteen young men (8 non-smokers, 6 current smokers) aged 20 to 26 years participated in this study. They performed an incremental graded submaximal exercise test using an electromagnetic cycle ergometer set from 30 to 210 W with (TNP condition) or without a TNP (control condition) in a random order. The TNP was applied to the left arm 8–10 h prior to starting the exercise to achieve the peak level of blood nicotine concentration. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), and blood La at rest and during exercise were measured and analyzed. Results: The HR at rest was significantly higher in the TNP condition than in the control condition (TNP; 74.7 ± 13.8 bpm, control; 65.3 ± 10.8 bpm, p < 0.001). There was no interaction (condition × exercise intensity) between any of the variables, and VO2, VE, RPE, and La during exercise were not significantly different between the conditions. However, HR during exercise was 6.7 bpm higher on average in the TNP condition. Conclusions: The HR during exercise was greater at light to moderate intensity with a TNP. Our study results will guide clinicians or health professionals when prescribing exercise programs combined with TNPs for healthy young smokers.

Viewing Music Videotapes during Exercise and Ratings of Perceived Exertion

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-226
Author(s):  
B. R. Abadie ◽  
M. K. Chance ◽  
D. O'Nan ◽  
C. Lay
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
External Stimuli

30 men 18 to 25 years of age participated in two treatments presented in counterbalanced order. They exercised for 6 min. on a Monarch cycle ergometer at a workload of 122.5 W while viewing and listening to music videotapes or exercised in a quiet environment. External stimuli in the viewing and listening to music videotapes did not distract subjects from assessing their exertion during exercise.

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