Organic matter pathways to zooplankton and benthos under pack ice in late winter and open water in late summer in the north-central Bering Sea

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Bennike, O., & Weidick, A. (1999). Observations on the Quaternary geology around Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, eastern North Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 183, 56-60. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v183.5205 _______________ In North and North-East Greenland, several of the outlet glaciers from the Inland Ice have long, floating tongues (Higgins 1991). Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden (Fig. 1) is today occupied by a floating outlet glacier that is about 60 km long, and the fjord is surrounded by dissected plateaux with broad valleys (Thomsen et al. 1997). The offshore shelf to the east of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden is unusually broad, up to 300 km wide (Cherkis & Vogt 1994), and recently small low islands were discovered on the western part of this shelf (G. Budeus and T.I.H. Andersson, personal communications 1998). Quaternary deposits are widespread around Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden and include glacial, glaciofluvial, marine, deltaic and ice lake deposits. Ice margin features such as kame deposits and moraines are also common (Davies 1972). The glaciation limit increases from 200 m a.s.l. over the eastern coastal islands to 1000 m in the inland areas; local ice caps and valley glaciers are common in the region, although the mean annual precipitation is only about 200 mm per year. Most of the sea in the area is covered by permanent sea ice, with pack ice further east, but open water is present in late summer in some fjords north of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, and in the Nordøstvandet polynia.

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Relation of algal biovolume to chlorophyll a in selected lakes and wetlands in the north-central United States

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f95-043 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 416-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

James W. LaBaugh

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Dakota ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Linear Relation ◽

Algal Biomass ◽

Open Water ◽

Light Penetration ◽

North Central ◽

The North ◽

Central United States

Algal chlorophyll a is commonly used as a surrogate for algal biomass. Data from three lakes in western Nebraska, five wetlands in north-central North Dakota, and two lakes in north-central Minnesota represented a range in algal biovolume of over four orders of magnitude and a range in chlorophyll a from less than 1 to 380 mg∙m−3. Analysis of these data revealed that there was a linear relation, log10 algal biovolume = 5.99 + 0.09 chlorophyll a (r2 = 0.72), for cases in which median values of chlorophyll a for open-water periods were less than 20 mg∙m−3. There was no linear relation in cases in which median chlorophyll a concentrations were larger than 20 mg∙m−3 for open-water periods, an occurrence found only in shallow prairies lakes and wetlands for years in which light penetration was the least.

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Connection between Sea Surface Anomalies and Atmospheric Quasi-Stationary Waves

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-18-0751.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 201-212

Author(s):

G. Wolf ◽

A. Czaja ◽

D. J. Brayshaw ◽

N. P. Klingaman

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

Late Summer ◽

Ice Cover ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Late Winter ◽

Driving Mechanism ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

AbstractLarge-scale, quasi-stationary atmospheric waves (QSWs) are known to be strongly connected with extreme events and general weather conditions. Yet, despite their importance, there is still a lack of understanding about what drives variability in QSW. This study is a step toward this goal, and it identifies three statistically significant connections between QSWs and sea surface anomalies (temperature and ice cover) by applying a maximum covariance analysis technique to reanalysis data (1979–2015). The two most dominant connections are linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. They confirm the expected relationship between QSWs and anomalous surface conditions in the tropical Pacific and the North Atlantic, but they cannot be used to infer a driving mechanism or predictability from the sea surface temperature or the sea ice cover to the QSW. The third connection, in contrast, occurs between late winter to early spring Atlantic sea ice concentrations and anomalous QSW patterns in the following late summer to early autumn. This new finding offers a pathway for possible long-term predictability of late summer QSW occurrence.

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352. Variations in the carotene and vitamin A contents of certain New Zealand butterfats

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900004957 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 15 (1-2) ◽

pp. 80-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C. R. Barnicoat

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Normal Values ◽

Late Summer ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Late Winter ◽

Total Vitamin ◽

The North ◽

The Difference ◽

Very High

1. Chemical estimations of carotene and vitamin A in New Zealand butters from two of the principal butter-making districts of the North Island during the seasons 1935–6 show that the total vitamin A potency was fairly high.2. There were seasonal variations apparently due to nutritional rather than physiological causes. The minimum values (33–37 i.u./g. butterfat) for total vitamin A were found in late summer (February) at the time when the pasture normally tends to dry up, while the peak values (42–53 i.u./g. butterfat) occurred in late winter and spring (July-October). The variations in vitamin A potency with season were in the opposite direction to the variations recorded in the literature for Europe and America. The difference is no doubt due to the practice of stall-feeding in these countries in contrast with the all-the-year-round grazing commonly practised on dairy farms in New Zealand. The spring flush of grass is also later in the season in Europe than in New Zealand.3. The more deeply-coloured Jersey butterfat was only slightly richer in total vitamin A potency than Friesian butterfat.4. Contents of carotene and vitamin A in the fat of colostrum were very high, but reached normal values within 4 or 5 days after parturition.

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The biology of Harveyella mirabilis (Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyceae). IV. Life history and phenology

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b76-026 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 54 (3-4) ◽

pp. 281-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lynda J. Goff ◽

Kathleen Cole

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Seawater Temperature ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Late Summer ◽

Early Spring ◽

Day Length ◽

Late Winter ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

The North ◽

The North Pacific

A 20-month field study of the reproductive biology of the parasitic red alga Harveyella mirabilis was undertaken to investigate the effects of environmental parameters on the reproductive periodicity of Harveyella in the intertidal habitat. In the northeast Pacific, tetraspores have been observed in the late winter - early spring; apparently they are produced in response to increased available sunlight and water temperature. Gametogenesis appears to be temperature sensitive; it occurs between a narrow temperature range (9–11 °C). Carpospores are produced in the late summer when both water temperature and day length reach a peak. The phenology of H. mirabilis in the North Atlantic differs from that which is observed in the North Pacific in the timing of gametogenesis and carposporogenesis. The significance of this is discussed in relation to the possible effects of differences in seawater temperature on gametogenesis.

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An examination of the population dynamics of syngnathid fishes within Tampa Bay, Florida, USA

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/czoolo/56.1.118 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 118-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Heather D. Masonjones ◽

Emily Rose ◽

Lori Benson McRae ◽

Danielle L. Dixson

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Body Size ◽

Population Density ◽

Late Summer ◽

Open Water ◽

Tampa Bay ◽

Late Winter ◽

Density Peaks ◽

Under Construction ◽

Species Specific

Abstract Seagrass ecosystems worldwide have been declining, leading to a decrease in associated fish populations, especially those with low mobility such as syngnathids (pipefish and seahorses). This two-year pilot study investigated seasonal patterns in density, growth, site fidelity, and population dynamics of Tampa Bay (FL) syngnathid fishes at a site adjacent to two marinas under construction. Using a modified mark-recapture technique, fish were collected periodically from three closely located sites that varied in seagrass species (Thalassia spp., Syringodium spp., and mixed-grass sites) and their distance from open water, but had consistent physical/chemical environmental characteristics. Fish were marked, photographed for body size and gender measurements, and released the same day at the capture site. Of the 5695 individuals surveyed, 49 individuals were recaptured, indicating a large, flexible population. Population density peaks were observed in July of both years, with low densities in late winter and late summer. Spatially, syngnathid densities were highest closest to the mouth of the bay and lowest near the shoreline. Seven species of syngnathid fishes were observed, and species-specific patterns of seagrass use emerged during the study. However, only two species, Syngnathus scovelli and Hippocampus zosterae, were observed at high frequencies. For these two species, body size decreased across the study period, but while S. scovelli's population density decreased, H. zosterae's increased. Across six of the seven species, population size declined over the course of this preliminary study; however, seasonal shifts were impossible to distinguish from potential anthropogenic effects of construction.

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The retreat from Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land]: the diary of Lieutenant Carl Weyprecht of the Austro-Hungarian north pole expedition, 20 May–3 September 1874

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247409990568 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 97-125

Author(s):

William Barr

Keyword(s):

Open Water ◽

North Pole ◽

Substantial Part ◽

The West ◽

Novaya Zemlya ◽

The North ◽

Franz Josef Land ◽

Pack Ice ◽

Ice Drift ◽

First Time

ABSTRACTHaving spent 21 months on board their icebound ship, Tegetthoff, adrift in the pack ice to the north of Novaya Zemlya, and having explored a substantial part of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land], to which the ice-drift had carried their ship, on 20 May 1874 the members of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition abandoned it and started south by sledge and boat. Progress was painfully slow, and for weeks involved repeatedly alternating between man hauling across floes and rowing or sailing across leads and polynyas. The expedition finally reached open water on 15 August and started rowing and sailing south along the west coast of Novaya Zemlya. They encountered two Russian fishing boats at Mys Britvin [Cape Britvin], just south of Matochkin Shar on 24 August, and the Austrians persuaded one of their captains to take them to Vardø in Northern Norway. They arrived there on 3 September and caught the mail steamer south to Hamburg. Apart from the engineer, Otto Krisch, who died of tuberculosis and scurvy and was buried on Ostrov Vilcheka [Wilczek Island], the remaining 24 members of the expedition returned home safely. The diary of one of the co-leaders of the expedition, Lieutenant Carl Weyprecht, covering the period of the retreat, is published here in English for the first time.

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Occurrence and effects of open water in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during winter and early spring

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247400058447 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 13 (87) ◽

pp. 775-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

B. Stonehouse

Keyword(s):

Late Summer ◽

Open Water ◽

Early Spring ◽

Easy Access ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Mcmurdo Sound ◽

Pack Ice ◽

Fast Ice

McMurdo Sound is well known as an area comparatively free from fast ice during the middle and late summer. Although closed to its discoverer in February 1841 by contrary winds, pack ice and new ice (Ross, 1847), the sound provided easy access to high latitudes in January and February on at least ten occasions between 1902 and 1916. Since 1955, icebreakers have assisted shipping movements in November and December, and possibly helped in dispersing the winter fast ice by cutting wide channels from Cape Bird southward. However, northerly swells and south-easterly gales are sufficient in most years to disperse fast ice from the southern end of the sound by mid or late February (Heine, 1963).

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British Universities East Greenland Expedition, 1974

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247400028746 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 18 (112) ◽

pp. 76-77

Author(s):

D. W. Matthews

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic Ocean ◽

Volcanic Rocks ◽

Open Water ◽

East Greenland ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

Pack Ice ◽

The North Sea ◽

Made In

This expedition to the Blosseville Kyst area of east Greenland was wholly geological, comprising several groups brought together under the leadership of Professor P. E. Brown of Aberdeen University. It aimed to follow up geological discoveries which had been made in 1971 by expeditions from Cambridge and Sheffield, and also to pursue several new lines of research directed primarily at relating the sediments and volcanic rocks in east Greenland to the birth of the North Atlantic Ocean. The expedition chartered mv Signalhorn from Martin Karlsen AS of Brandal, Norway, for a period of 52 days; after some delay, due to a mechanical emergency in the North Sea, she sailed from Aberdeen on 20 July. The journey was slow and rough and featured an abortive attempt to take the shorter route round north-east Iceland. On 26 July the east Greenland coast was sighted at lat 68 N in fine weather. Aputitq and the Kangerdlugssuaq area were beset by heavy pack ice, but good progress was made northwards along Blosseville Kyst through moderately open water about five miles offshore.

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Sea ice conditions during an early spring voyage in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247400022348 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 24 (148) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

H. Eicken ◽

T. C. Grenfell ◽

B. Stonehouse

Keyword(s):

Open Water ◽

Early Spring ◽

Early Summer ◽

Weddell Sea ◽

Late Winter ◽

Main Body ◽

Pack Ice ◽

Large Populations ◽

Differential Expansion ◽

Ice Pack

AbstractDuring a late winter and early spring oceanographic voyage south into the Weddell Sea the icebreaker RV Polarstern first encountered patches and bands of loose floes in 58°S; these increased over the next 150 km to form closed ice pack which extended 1000 km to the coast. Along the coast the ship encountered almost continuous shore leads and polynyas that formed repeatedly despite persistently low air and sea temperatures. These areas of open water, which are generally visible in USA NOAA and USSR METEOR satellite photographs, form under the action of strong offshore winds that carry the main body of pack ice west and southwest. Grease ice, pancake ice and nilas spreading over the open water are rafted and ridged by windgenerated stresses to double thickness or more; these kinds of ice were continually driven westward, accumulating in a distinctive zone along the eastern edge of the pack ice. Polynyas and leads narrow and disappear temporarily only when winds with northerly or westerly components bring the pack ice toward the land, and reform as soon as offshore winds predominate. Open water, often more than 15 km wide, was present close to the ship throught the spring voyage, facilitating oceanographic work as far south as 77°S. Polarstern's full icebreaking capacity was needed only occasionally when winds temporarily pressed the pack ice against the coast. The presence throughout early spring of both fast and pack ice, separated by a zone of thin ice or open water, is essential to large populations of Weddell seals, emperor penguins and whales in the area. The transect from the continent included ice pack that was undergoing early summer decay, characterized by differential expansion and melting which brought about a gradual decrease in concentration toward the ice edge.

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