Early indicators of MPA effects are detected by stereo-video

2020 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
EM Jaco ◽  
MA Steele
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Stereo Video ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Kelp Bass ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Future Management

Resource managers often outline discrete goals when implementing marine protected areas (MPAs), such as increases in organism abundance, biomass, or body size, to evaluate MPA success and thus inform future management decisions. Understanding which biological indicators are most sensitive to protection is essential for adaptive management, and while density is a commonly used metric to monitor MPAs, previous work has pointed to a lack of reliability of this metric to effectively evaluate MPAs, particularly during initial stages of protection. To determine which biological indicators of MPA success were evident 5 yr after protection began, we examined the differences in populations inside vs. outside MPAs for 3 fishes targeted by anglers—kelp bass Paralabrax clathratus, barred sand bass P. nebulifer, and California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher—and 4 non-targeted species. We used stereo-video to determine the average body size, biomass, and density of each species in 7 MPAs in Southern California that were paired with nearby non-MPA sites. Responses of targeted species were detectable after 5 yr of protection in some MPAs. In most but not all MPAs, individuals were larger compared to outside MPAs for kelp bass and California sheephead. Biomass and density of targeted species appeared to be less sensitive to MPA effects. As expected, non-targeted species did not show evidence of MPA effects. Similar to past studies, our findings indicate that the choice of response variable and species studied may influence the perceived efficacy of MPAs, and we emphasize that increases in length may be a particularly sensitive indicator of effective protection.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

The demography of limb dominance, body-mass index, and metatarsus adductus deformity

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Montague ◽  
M Bovarnick ◽  
SC Effren ◽  
CC Southerland
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
South Florida ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Metatarsus Adductus ◽  
Average Body Mass ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Limb Dominance

To test the null hypothesis that limb dominance (laterality) and side of complaint are not associated in a diverse population, nearly 400 patients (40% male, 60% female) of varying age and body size from three South Florida podiatric medical teaching facilities were surveyed in 1995-1996. Radiographs of feet were available for 15% of the patients, and the metatarsus adductus angle was measured on each x-ray. The typical patient was a women (median age, 49 years) of average body weight and average body-mass index. No statistical association was found between laterality and side of complaint in the broader sample, although a significant association did appear in the subsample of patients with bilateral x-rays. The prevalence of metatarsus adductus deformity (metatarsus adductus angle > 15 degrees) among patients with x-rays was 62%. No sex-specific, age-specific, or body size-specific associations were found between handedness and metatarsus adductus deformity.

How Body Size Cues Judgments on Person Perception Dimensions

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062096367
Author(s):  
Olya Bryksina ◽  
Luming Wang ◽  
Trang Mai-McManus
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Emotional Expressiveness ◽  
Thin Body ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Weight Concerns ◽  
Heavy Body ◽  
Average Body

Many people in Western societies pursue a thin body. Among the multiple reasons to lose weight, concerns about social perceptions play a prominent role in the desire to shed pounds. Previous research associates thinness with attractiveness, especially in Western societies. The current work demonstrates that moderate deviations from the average body size cue judgments on person perception dimensions. Results from three studies show that whereas moderately thin (vs. heavy) individuals are rated as more competent, moderately heavy (vs. thin) people are rated as more warm. The studies present mediation- and manipulation-based evidence that these effects occur because a thin (vs. heavy) body signals self-control—a construct instrumental in drawing competence inferences—and that a heavy (vs. thin) body signals emotional expressiveness—a construct that triggers inferences of warmth.

Factors affecting individual body weight in field populations of the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Morrisey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Sediment Type ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hydrobia Ulvae ◽  
Native Sediment ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
Average Body

Differences in average body size among allopatric and sympatric populations of hydrobiid mudsnails have been interpreted as the consequence of interspecific competitive interactions. Recently, however, doubts have been expressed concerning the certainty with which size differences can be ascribed simply to character displacement. Other environmental factors are known to influence body size in hydrobiids. In the present study one of these, sediment type, was investigated.Average body weight of Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) living on fine mud was consistently higher than that of members of the same species living on adjacent muddy sand. Snails were transplanted from one sediment type to the other, confined within cages, and their growth rates compared with those of control animals caged on their native sediment. The results of this experiment suggested that substrate type is one factor controlling body size, but the inconclusive nature of the results indicate that others are also involved.

Nilocotyle duplicisphinctris sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from Hippopotamus amphibius

1980 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sey ◽  
M. Graber
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Genital Atrium ◽  
Anterior Testis ◽  
Genital Opening ◽  
Posterior Testis ◽  
Hippopotamus Amphibius ◽  
Average Body

ABSTRACTNilocotyle duplicisphinctris sp. n. was recovered from the stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius in Ethiopia. The average body size (L × W) is 3.6 × 1.2 mm; pharynx 0.5 × 0.3, Dicranocoelium type; other diameter of the acetabulum 0.85, Nilocotyle type; anterior testis 0.34 × 0.49; posterior testis 0.32 × 0.27; ovary 0.27 × 0.19; genital opening 0.30 × 0.34, Duplicis phinctris type and eggs 0.15 × 0.07. The most characteristic specific feature is the presence of a double sphincter along the genital atrium.

Attained Size and Growth Rate of Female Volleyball Players between 9 and 13 Years of Age

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Malina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Status ◽  
School Year ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Tall Girls ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
Average Body

The growth status and rate of a mixed-longitudinal sample (N = 19) of female volleyball players 9–13 years of age were compared to reference data for the general population. The athletes were measured at the beginning and end of the school year. Growth rates in stature and weight adjusted to 6-month intervals were calculated. The results indicate mean statures that are above U.S. reference medians and mean weights that are near the medians (i.e., tall girls with average body weights). Estimated half-year growth rates in stature and weight from 10.0–13.0 years closely match the respective medians of the Fels longitudinal study. The data thus suggest that the larger body size of young volleyball players is not a function of accelerated growth rate during these early adolescent ages and, thus, not due to earlier maturation; body size is likely genotypic and probably reflects selection at relatively young ages for the size demands of the sport.

A survey of beef production in west wales, 1943–8 Part II. Variations within the region and the ecology of beef production

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cattle Population ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Group 1

1. Differences in cattle population (4 June returns) and in average body size of fat cattle (data from the collecting centres) have been illustrated for the three counties (Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire) constituting this region. They indicate the superiority of Pembrokeshire.2. The six westerly collecting areas of Pembrokeshire produce the heaviest cattle of better grading. It has a higher proportion of steers to heifers than the rest of the region.3. The statistical analysis of the data has made it possible to partition the region into four main groups of centres, which show significant differences in the size of the fat cattle.4. The superiority of group 1 has been demonstrated in relation to (a) the seasonally of deliveries, (b) the percentage grading and (c) in the average live weights.5. These differences are examined in greater detail by comparisons of the deliveries to the Pembroke and to the Llandilo centres. These show that Pembroke is superior in average live weights, percentage grading and in the proportion of steers to heifers.6. The ungraded cattle are also examined, and the results indicate the same trends within the region as for the graded cattle.7. The possible explanation of the variations or the ecology of beef production has been discussed in the light of Ashton's (1930) suggestions that variations in body size between cattle of different breeds is mainly due to the calcium and phosphorus content of the soil.8. The conclusion is drawn that differences of climate dominate the whole picture, because of the effect of rainfall on leaching and soil erosion, as well as on the quality of the harvested fodders, the effect of temperature on the length of the growing season and of the beneficial influence of sunshine on the quality of both grass and hay.

scholarly journals Animal body size distribution influences the ratios of nutrients supplied to plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (36) ◽  
pp. 22256-22263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth le Roux ◽  
Laura S. van Veenhuisen ◽  
Graham I. H. Kerley ◽  
Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Herbivore Community ◽  
Herbivore Species ◽  
Herbivore Communities ◽  
Average Body

Nutrients released through herbivore feces have the potential to influence plant-available nutrients and affect primary productivity. However, herbivore species use nutrients in set stoichiometric ratios that vary with body size. Such differences in the ratios at which nutrients are used leads to differences in the ratios at which nutrients are deposited through feces. Thus, local environmental factors that affect the average body size of an herbivore community (such as predation risk and food availability) influence the ratios at which fecal nutrients are supplied to plants. Here, we assess the relationship between herbivore body size and the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios of herbivore feces. We examine how shifts in the average body size of an herbivore community alter the ratios at which nitrogen and phosphorus are supplied to plants and test whether such differences in the stoichiometry of nutrient supply propagate through plants. We show that dung from larger-bodied herbivores contain lower quantities of phosphorus per unit mass and were higher in N:P ratio. We demonstrate that spatial heterogeneity in visibility (a proxy for predation risk and/or food availability) and rainfall (a proxy for food availability), did not affect the overall amount of feces deposited but led to changes in the average body size of the defecating community. Feces deposited in areas of higher rainfall and reduced visibility originated from larger herbivores and were higher in N:P ratios. This indicates that processes that change the size distribution of herbivore communities, such as predation or size-biased extinction, have the potential to alter the nutrient landscape for plants.

Growth and body size in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingi): relationships to reproduction

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin D. Congdon ◽  
Richard C. van Loben Sels
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Clutch Mass ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Growth and reproduction in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingi) were studied in southeastern Michigan from 1975 through 1988. Average body sizes of both sexes of adults were similar; however, shapes of males were different from those of females. The average size of a group of females with a mean minimum age of 47 years was not significantly different from a younger group with a mean age of 21 years. Clutch size ranged from 3 to 19 ([Formula: see text], N = 280) eggs over 11 years. Clutch wet mass ranged from 60.4 to 183.4 g ([Formula: see text], N = 17), and relative clutch mass of nine females averaged 0.12. Clutch size, and to a lesser degree egg size, showed a significant positive relationship with body size, but not with age of females. Hatchlings averaged 31.0 mm in plastron length, 35.3 mm in carapace length, and 9.2 g in body wet mass. Differences in juvenile growth rates and age at sexual maturity appear to be the major cause of variation in body size of adult Blanding's turtles and the related reproductive output per clutch.

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