Lipid and protein utilization during lecithotrophic development in the asteroid Stegnaster inflatus, with a review of larval provisioning in lecithotrophic echinoderms

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps13304 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 641 ◽

pp. 123-134

Author(s):

LN Zamora ◽

NJ Delorme ◽

M Byrne ◽

MA Sewell

Keyword(s):

Maternal Investment ◽

Protein Utilization ◽

Early Juvenile ◽

Egg Protein ◽

External Sources ◽

Diacylglycerol Ether ◽

Lecithotrophic Development ◽

Negatively Buoyant ◽

Dispersal Period ◽

Maternal Lipids

The eggs of echinoderms with lecithotrophic development provide structural and nutritional materials (lipids, proteins) to complete development without any external sources of nutrition. Previous studies have suggested that a relatively large proportion of the maternal lipid reserves remain after settlement to provision the early post-metamorphic juvenile. Here we examined lipid and protein utilization during lecithotrophic development of the asterinid starfish Stegnaster inflatus which has large (~400 µm diameter), negatively buoyant eggs. S. inflatus produces eggs with a large amount of lipid (mean ± SD: 2047 ± 315 ng egg-1), with 26% structural lipids and 74% energetic lipids dominated by diacylglycerol ether (DAGE; 66%). Similar amounts of protein were present in the egg (mean ± SD: 2143 ± 157 ng egg-1), with a lipid:protein ratio of 0.96. Approximately 80% of the egg protein is used prior to settlement. In contrast, 51.0% of the energetic lipids provided in the egg, and 40.3% of the DAGE remain for provisioning of the early juvenile. A review of lecithotrophic development in echinoderms reveals that asteroid, echinoid and ophiuroid species have an excess of 50% of the maternal lipids remaining in the settled post-larva. When considering maternal investment in offspring for lecithotrophic developers, we need to consider energetic use during the short dispersal period, as well as provisioning for post-metamorphic early juvenile life.

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The effect of amino acid imbalance on nitrogen retention (biological value) in rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19810090 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 175-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

B. O. Eggum ◽

K. E. Bach Knudsen ◽

Ingeborg Jacobsen

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Single Amino Acid ◽

Protein Utilization ◽

Biological Value ◽

Egg Protein ◽

Amino Acid Imbalance ◽

Barley Protein

1. Three series of nitrogen balance experiments were performed with growing rats to test the effect of amino acid imbalance on protein utilization. In Expt 1 egg protein was fed as a basal diet and supplemented with one amino acid at a time in the amounts originally found in egg protein. In Expt 2 the procedure was repeated with a barley diet, and in Expt 3 egg and potato proteins were fed together in various combinations.2. Doubling the single amino acids, especially arginine, in an egg-protein diet reduced biological value (BV) markedly. Also the branched-chain and the basic amino acids reduced BV significantly. In the barley-based diets negative effects were also observed when the concentration of the single amino acid was doubled. However, it was assumed that the observed deleterious effects of amino acid excess were partly due to an exaggerated lysine deficiency in the barley protein when non-limiting amino acids were added.3. The results with various combinations of egg and potato proteins showed that as potato protein was increased true protein digestibility decreased linearly, whereas BV decreased Curvilinearly. Maximum protein utilization was obtained with egg protein alone.

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Larval development of a molpadiid holothuroid, Molpadia intermedia (Ludwig, 1894) (Echinodermata)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z85-380 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 63 (11) ◽

pp. 2553-2559 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

F. Scott McEuen ◽

Fu-Shiang Chia

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Water Column ◽

Body Wall ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Body ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Sea Cucumbers ◽

Animal Pole ◽

Early Juvenile ◽

Negatively Buoyant

Large adults of the caudate molpadiid Molpadia intermedia were collected from soft mud at depths of 26–28 m in East Sound, Orcas Island, Washington. In early December, both sexes spawned in the laboratory: males released occasional puffs of sperm and one female forcefully jetted eggs into the water column. The egg is 267 ± 12 μm in diameter and negatively buoyant with an orangish pink yolky cap at the animal pole which, after fertilization, develops into a coeloblastula through equal, holoblastic cleavages. The doliolaria larva bears two posterior ciliary rings and is uniformly ciliated on the anterior third of its body. The larva takes up a benthic existence soon after formation of the ciliary rings and becomes a pentactula with the protrusion of five primary tentacles. Addition of fine mud to cultures induced metamorphosis, at which time the collar of pink yolk is seen to be transferred to the region of the digestive tract. The larvae can delay metamorphosis for at least 5 d in the absence of mud. The early juvenile is transparent, and spired triradiate ossicles proliferate in the body wall. From this study and from a review of the literature, we suggest that the reproduction of the approximately 85 species of sea cucumbers in this cosmopolitan order is likely to be consistent with what we have described for M. intermedia. It is also suggested that the pink colored yolk can be used as a marker in experimental studies of development.

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Protein Requirements of Man: Efficiency of Egg Protein Utilization at Maintenance and Sub-maintenance Levels in Young Men

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/103.8.1164 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 1164-1174 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Vernon R. Young ◽

Yvonne S. M. Taylor ◽

William M. Rand ◽

Nevin S. Scrimshaw

Keyword(s):

Young Men ◽

Protein Utilization ◽

Protein Requirements ◽

Egg Protein

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Carcinization in the Anomura – fact or fiction? II. Evidence from larval, megalopal and early juvenile morphology

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-07303001 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 165-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Patsy A. McLaughlin ◽

Rafael Lemaitre ◽

Christopher C. Tudge

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Larval Phase ◽

Body Form ◽

Early Juvenile ◽

Major Significance ◽

Phase Data ◽

Marginal Plates ◽

Lecithotrophic Development ◽

Juvenile Development

In this second of a two-part series, carcinization in the Anomura has been reviewed from early juvenile, megalopal, and larval perspectives. Data from megalopal and early juvenile development in ten genera of the Lithodidae have provided unequivocal evidence that earlier hypotheses regarding evolution of the king crab pleon were erroneous. A pattern of sundering, and decalcification has been traced from the megalopal stage through several early crabs stages in species of Lithodes and Paralomis, with supplemental evidence from species in eight other genera. Of major significance has been the attention directed to the Marginal plates of the second pleomere, which when separeted in lithodids are not homologous with the adult so-called “marginal plates” of the following three tergites. Auxiliary megalopal and early juvenile lithodid data, as well as equivalent data from other paguroids, support the evolutionary direction indicated by lithodid pleonal plate development. Therefore, while carcinization, or development of a crab-like body form, has occurred in the Lithodidae, it has not proceeded from a hermit crab ancestor. Rather the data suggest the reverse, thus effectively refuting the “hermit to king” myth. Brief reviews of data available from the Lomisidae and Porcellanidae support the proposition of independent anomuran carcinization events in these taxa as well. Results of cladistic analysis of megalopal and juvenile data, although somewhat unconventional, do not support the claim of a sister-group relation of the lithodid genera Lithodes and Paralithodes with the pagurid genus Pagurus. Attempts to subject larval phase data to similar analysis were thwarted by the tendency in paguroids, including lithodids, for lecithotrophic development. Additionally, presumed initial and terminal stage deletions disallow the ontogenetic stage homologies required for meaningful phylogenetic results.

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Eds Of Radioactive Particles By Self-Induced Fluorescence

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010013479x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 238-239

Author(s):

Gregory L. Finch ◽

Richard G. Cuddihy

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam Irradiation ◽

Nuclear Reactor ◽

X Rays ◽

Reactor Accident ◽

Internal Radiation ◽

X Ray ◽

External Sources ◽

X Irradiation ◽

Available Information ◽

Individual Particles

The elemental composition of individual particles is commonly measured by using energydispersive spectroscopic microanalysis (EDS) of samples excited with electron beam irradiation. Similarly, several investigators have characterized particles by using external monochromatic X-irradiation rather than electrons. However, there is little available information describing measurements of particulate characteristic X rays produced not from external sources of radiation, but rather from internal radiation contained within the particle itself. Here, we describe the low-energy (< 20 KeV) characteristic X-ray spectra produced by internal radiation self-excitation of two general types of particulate samples; individual radioactive particles produced during the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident and radioactive fused aluminosilicate particles (FAP). In addition, we compare these spectra with those generated by conventional EDS.Approximately thirty radioactive particle samples from the Chernobyl accident were on a sample of wood that was near the reactor when the accident occurred. Individual particles still on the wood were microdissected from the bulk matrix after bulk autoradiography.

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Use of live, attenuated measles virus vaccine in children allergic to egg protein

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.193.13.1125 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 193 (13) ◽

pp. 1125-1126 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. B. Kamin

Keyword(s):

Virus Vaccine ◽

Measles Virus ◽

Egg Protein

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Neonatal nutritional strategy of a viviparous elasmobranch with extremely low reproductive output

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps13261 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 638 ◽

pp. 107-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

BS Rangel ◽

NE Hussey ◽

Y Niella ◽

LA Martinelli ◽

AD Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Reproductive Strategies ◽

Trophic Ecology ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Physiological State ◽

Maternal Investment ◽

Early Life History ◽

Nutritional State ◽

Disc Width ◽

Biomarker Analysis

Throughout evolutionary history, elasmobranchs have developed diverse reproductive strategies. Little focused work, however, has addressed how neonatal nutritional state is affected by differing degrees of maternal investment associated with these markedly different reproductive strategies. To investigate the effect of maternal investment on the nutritional quality of pups during the early life history of an extremely viviparous elasmobranch, quantitative biomarker analysis including lipids, fatty acids and stable isotopes was conducted. Using the cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (histotrophic viviparous) as a model, we found that pups were initially born in a positive nutritional state, enriched in physiologically important essential fatty acids and nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values (δ15N and δ13C), a result of maternal intrauterine transfer. A systematic decrease in some fatty acids and δ15N values, as well as a decrease in cholesterol with growth, confirmed that these substrates were derived from maternal resources and used in initial metabolic processes following birth. An observed increase in condition factor, plasma essential fatty acids and triglyceride:cholesterol ratio with increasing body size identified a progression towards successful independent foraging with pups not displaying marked nutritional deficiency or fasting phases. Our multi-tracer approach allowed the identification of 2 size classes of young rays (<50 and <70 cm disc width) that displayed distinct physiological states. Since prenatal maternal investment is critical for offspring condition and to promote successful foraging post birth, understanding the trophic ecology and physiological state of pups during their first year is critical to guide management and conservation within nursery grounds.

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