Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Welcker ◽  
G Nehls
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

scholarly journals Long-term effects of an offshore wind farm in the North Sea on fish communities

2015 ◽  
Vol 528 ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Stenberg ◽  
JG Støttrup ◽  
M van Deurs ◽  
CW Berg ◽  
GE Dinesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Fish Communities ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Rapid macrobenthic recovery after dredging activities in an offshore wind farm in the Belgian part of the North Sea

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 756 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine A. Coates ◽  
Gert van Hoey ◽  
Liesbet Colson ◽  
Magda Vincx ◽  
Jan Vanaverbeke
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Ecological risk as a tool for evaluating the effects of offshore wind farm construction in the North Sea

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Nunneri ◽  
Hermann J. Lenhart ◽  
Benjamin Burkhard ◽  
Wilhelm Windhorst
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Seabird avoidance and attraction at an offshore wind farm in the Belgian part of the North Sea

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 756 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Vanermen ◽  
Thierry Onkelinx ◽  
Wouter Courtens ◽  
Marc Van de walle ◽  
Hilbran Verstraete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Feasibility of an Offshore Wind Farm in the North Sea Region

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Auraluck Pichitkul ◽  
Lakshmi N. Sankar ◽  
Jechiel Jagoda
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Turbine Rotor ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Abstract Preliminary design and feasibility investigation of a 2-MW wind turbine for offshore wind farm operation are presented in this study. A region in the North Sea, to the west of the West Frisian Islands offshore of Dutch coast is selected as a potential wind farm site due to its high availability of wind resources. Based on the wind data of the selected site and operating requirements of the wind farm, preliminary sizing and conceptual design of wind turbine rotor blades are carried out. Performance of the rotor design is first assessed by classical blade element-momentum theory, followed by state-of-the-art commercial CFD software. Economics and feasibility analysis of this wind turbine operating in an offshore wind farm setting is conducted using DOE/NREL scaling cost model. The feasibility investigation results reveal that the cost of energy (COE) for operating the current wind turbine design at the selected wind farm site is considerably lower than the average COE in the Netherlands, indicating high potential of commercially making profits. Environmental impact studies have also been done.

Regional Impacts of Offshore Windfarming on the Hydro- and Ecosystem Dynamics in the North Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Christiansen ◽  
Ute Daewel ◽  
Corinna Schrum ◽  
Jeff Carpenter ◽  
Bughsin Djath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Ocean Dynamics ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Tidal Mixing ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
The North ◽  
Wake Effects ◽  
The North Sea

<p>The production of renewable offshore wind energy in the North Sea increases rapidly, including development in ecologically significant regions. Recent studies identified implications like large-scale wind wake effects and mixing of the water column induced by wind turbines foundations. Depending on atmospheric stability, wind wakes imply changes in momentum flux and increased turbulence up to 70 km downstream, affecting the local conditions (e.g. wind speed, cloud development) near offshore wind farms. Atmospheric wake effects likely translate to the sea-surface boundary layer and hence influence vertical transport in the surface mixing layer. Changes in ocean stratification raise concerns about substantial consequences for local hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes as well as for the marine ecosystem.<br>Using newly developed wind wake parametrisations together with the unstructured-grid model SCHISM and the biogeochemistry model ECOSMO, this study addresses windfarming impacts in the North Sea for future offshore wind farm scenarios. We focus on wind wake implications on ocean dynamics as well as on changes in tidal mixing fronts near the Dogger Bank and potential ecological consequences. At this, we create important knowledge on how the cross-scale wind farm impacts can be modelled suitably on the system scale.</p>

scholarly journals Towards the North Sea wind power revolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens N. Sørensen ◽  
Gunner C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. The present work assesses the potential of a massive exploitation of offshore wind power in the North Sea by combining a meteorological model with a cost model that includes a bathymetric analysis of the water depth of the North Sea. The overall objective is to assess if the wind power in the North Sea can deliver the total consumption of electricity in Europe and to what prize as compared to conventional onshore wind energy. The meteorological model is based on the assumption that the exploited area is so large, that the wind field between the turbines is in equilibrium with the atmospheric boundary layer. This makes it possible to use momentum analysis to determine the mutual influence between the atmospheric boundary layer and the wind farm, with the wind farm represented by an average horizontal force component corresponding to the thrust. The cost model includes expressions for the most essential wind farm cost elements, such as costs of wind turbines, support structures, cables and electrical substations, as well as operation and maintenance as function of rotor size, interspatial distance between the turbines, and water depth. The numbers used in the cost model are based on previous experience from offshore wind farms, and is therefore somewhat conservative. The analysis shows that the lowest energy cost is obtained for a configuration of large wind turbines erected with an interspatial distance of about eight rotor diameters. A part of the analysis is devoted to assessing the relative costs of the various elements of the cost model in order to determine the components with the largest potential for reducing the cost price. As an overall finding, it is shown that the power demand of Europe, which is 0.4 TW or about 3500 TWh/year, can be fulfilled by exploiting an area of 190.000 km2, corresponding to about 1/3 of the North Sea, with 100.000 wind turbines of generator size 13 MW on water depths up to 45 m at a cost price of about 7.5 €cents/kWh.

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